1. November 17 th, 2011

2.  Verbs have two voices in Latin: The Active and The Passive.  Already familiar with Active Voice – The subject of a sentence is the doer of the action. (i.e. The senators killed Caesar).  In the Passive Voice the subject of the passive verb is the receiver of the action of the verb (i.e. Caesar was killed by the senators).  Passive verbs characterized by a specific morphology that must be memorized.

3. Amo, AmareLoveTeneo, TenereHold AmorI am lovedTeneorI am held AmarisYou are lovedTenerisYou are held AmaturHe/she/it is lovedTeneturHe/she/it is held AmamurWe are lovedTenemurWe are held AmaminiYou are lovedTeneminiYou are held AmanturThey are lovedTenenturThey are held

5. Amo, AmareLoveTeneo, TenereHold AmabarI was being lovedTenebarI was being held AmabarisYou were being loved TenebarisYou were being held AmabaturHe/she/it was being loved TenebaturHe/she/it was being held AmabamurWe were being loved TenebamurWe were being held AmabaminiYou were being loved TenebaminiYou were being held AmabanturThey were being loved TenebanturThey were being held

7. Amo, AmareLoveTeneo, TenereHold AmaborI will be lovedTeneborI will be held AmaberisYou will be lovedTeneberisYou will be held AmabiturHe/she/it will be loved TenebiturShe/he/it will be held AmabimurWe will be lovedTenebimurWe will be held AmabiminiYou will be lovedTenebiminiYou will be held AmabunturThey will be lovedTenebunturThey will be held

9.  The present system (i.e. Present, Future, Imperfect = Present stem + passive endings.  The perfect system (i.e. Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect) = 4 th Principal Part + Appropriate form of “Sum” (to be).  Amo, Amare, Amavi, Amatus (a,um).  Teneo, Tenere, Tenui, Tentus (a, um).  4 th Principal part must agree with the subject of the verb in gender and number.

10. Amo, Amare, Amavi, Amatus LoveTeneo, Tenere, Tenui, Tentus Hold Amatus sumI was lovedTentus sumI was held Amatus esYou were lovedTentus esYou were held Amatus estHe was lovedTentus estHe was held Amati sumusWe were lovedTenti sumusWe were held Amati estisYou were lovedTenti estisYou were held Amati suntThey were lovedTenti suntThey were held

12. Amo, Amare, Amavi, Amatus LoveTeneo, Tenere, Tenui, Tentus Hold Amatus eramI had been lovedTentus eramI had been held Amatus erasYou had been lovedTentus erasYou had been held Amatus eratHe had been lovedTentus eratHe had been held Amati eramusWe had been lovedTenti eramusWe had been held Amati eratisYou had been lovedTenti eratisYou had been held Amati erantThey had been loved Tenti erantThey had been held

14. Amo, Amare, Amavi, Amatus LoveTeneo, Tenere, Tenui, Tentus Hold Amatus eroI will have been lovedTentus eroI will have been held Amatus erisYou will have been loved Tentus erisYou will have been held Amatus eritHe will have been loved Tentus eritHe will have been held Amati erimusWe will have been loved Tenti erimusWe will have been held Amati eritisYou will have been loved Tenti eritisYou will have been held Amati eruntThey will have been loved Tenti eruntThey will have been held

16.  Simply take the present active infinitive and replace the final “e” with “i”.  Amare (to love) – Amari (to be loved).  Tenere (to hold) – Teneri (to be held).

17.  The personal agent by whom the action of a passive verb is performed indicated by the preposition ab (by) + the ablative.  Caesar ab hostibus suis oppugnatus est – “Caesar was attacked by his enemies.”  Very little difficulty in recognizing ablative of agent.

18.  Interrogative pronouns indicate a question, usually of identification (i.e. who, what?).  Who is that man?  What are you thinking?  As pronouns they decline according to gender, number, and case.  Decline exactly like relative pronouns with a few exceptions: 1. Distinct nominative, singular forms. 2. Masc and Fem singular identical.  Cf. Wheelock, p. 124.  Note: Because relatives and interrogatives look the same, context will tell you which one you are looking at.

19.  Interrogative adjectives ask for further information about a specific person or thing.  i.e. Whose car are you driving?  i.e. To what woman did you write this poem?  As adjectives they agree with the noun they modify in gender, number, and case.  Forms identical to the relative pronoun so context is important.  Tips: 1. Question mark. 2. Presence of an antecedent indicates a relative pronoun. 3. Presence of a noun that agrees in gender, number, and case indicates an interrogative adjective.  Cf. Wheelock, p. 125.