1. CHAPTER 3
MIGRATION

2. GEOGRAPHY & MIGRATION HGs look at: From where people migrate
To where people migrate
Why people migrate

3. MIGRATION cont. EMIGRATION IMMIGRATION From a location
- Three years ago I emigrated from Malvern to Downingtown
To a location
- When I was 12 I immigrated to Malvern from Exton
Net Migration – difference between E and I
(know positive/negative; net-in/net-out)

4. ISSUE #1
Why do People Migrate?

5. REASONS FOR MIGRATING Most people migrate for economic reasons
Also migrate due to cultural and environmental factors
Don’t forget the role of distance decay in this matter!!! (why more Mexican workers than Argentinean?)

6. D I S T A N C E Y

8. PUSH/PULL FACTORS: ECONOMIC
Better job opportunities may pull/bad economy may push
Certain resources attract certain professions (petroleum may attract miners/engineers)
Area with rapid population growth will pull in service workers (construction workers, restaurant workers)

9. Scene from The Grapes of Wrath
The Dust Bowl in the 1930s led to forced migration from the Great Plains to California and elsewhere.

10. PUSH/PULL FACTORS: CULTURAL
Cultural factors such as slavery and political instability
Creation of new countries with new boundaries (people on wrong side of the border – ex. India/Pakistan in late 1940s)
Wars create refugees (ex. Sudan)
Hope of democracy may pull people in (Cubans coming to America)

11. Refugees: Sources & Destinations
Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees. KNOW THIS MAP!!!!!!

12. PUSH/PULL FACTORS: ENVIRONMENTAL
Pull towards attractive areas (warm climates, mountains, beaches…)
Health concerns may force them to seek a new climate
Water issues/disasters force many to move (Hurricane Katrina)
Droughts causes others to leave (Sahel region of northern Africa)

13. Hurricane Katrina Migrants
A major natural disaster represents an environmental push factor for forced migration.

14. INTERVENING OBSTACLES
Before modern transportation they were mostly environmental (ex. Gold Rushers had a hard time getting to California……why?)
More modern IOs include such things as government regulations (ex. Quotas)

16. INTERNAL MIGRATION Permanent movement within the same country
Two types
1. interregional – from one region of a country to another (ex. NE to West)
- historically, the main type has been from rural to urban areas (why?)
2. intraregional – movement within one region (ex. Florida to Georgia)
- historically, the main type has been within urban areas

17. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
Permanent movement from one country to another
Two types
1. Voluntary – person chose to move for economic improvement
2. Forced – compelled to move due to cultural factors, felt they didn’t have a choice
*** be aware of migration transition (p.87)
*** you are responsible for “Characteristics of Migrants” on your own (pp )

18. Where are Migrants Distributed?
ISSUE #2
Where are Migrants Distributed?

19. GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS
Net Out = Asia, Latin America, Africa
Net In = North America, Europe, Oceania
Pattern of migration from LDCs to MDCs
Highest percentage of immigrants is found in the Middle East (why?, doesn’t seem to make sense)

20. Global Migration Patterns
Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

21. Net Migration (per population)
Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.

22. NET IMMIGRATION

23. NET EMIGRATION

24. U.S. IMMIGRATION PATTERNS
3 main eras of migration:
1. colonial period
mid-1800s-early 1900s
1970s-today

25. COLONIAL IMMIGRATION Came from Europe (voluntary) and Africa (forced)
Prior to 1840, 90% of European immigrants came from G.B.
400,000 slaves before 1808; 250,000 after

26. Mid-1800s – EARLY 1900s
U.S. offered the greatest hope of economic success (almost all during this Era were from Europe, the most from which country?)
Europeans who didn’t come to the U.S. went mostly to temperate climates (ex. Canada, Australia, southern Africa, southern South America……why?)
There have been three “peaks” of European immigration

27. 3 PEAKS
FIRST PEAK
1840s – 1850s
more than 95% from N. and W. Europe (most from Ireland and Germany)
mostly pushed by poor economic conditions and/or political unrest
SECOND PEAK
1880s
most from N. and W. Europe
increasing amount from Scandinavian countries (increased population, as a result of the IR, was looking for opportunities)
THIRD PEAK
Late 1890s – early 1900s (1915)
more than 90% were European, but primarily from S. and SE. Europe
most from different places (Italy, Russian, Austria-Hungary)
similar to reasons in second peak

28. RECENT IMMIGRATION (1970s – today)
Immigration dropped sharply during1930s and 1940s (why?)
Has surged since the 1970s, most from Latin America and Asia

29. IMMIGRATION FROM ASIA 7 million from Asia in last 25 years
China, Philippines, India, Vietnam
Many also go to Canada (Canada receives a higher % of Europeans and lower % of Latin Americans – what might explain this?)

30. IMMIGRATION FROM LATIN AMERICA
13 million from 1960 – 2005 (overtook Asia in the 1980s as the leading source of immigrants)
Most from Mexico (compare to Germany) and The Dominican Republic
Significant role played by the Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
same reason as other regions (pushed by poor economic situation and pulled by economic opportunity)

31. Migration to U.S., by Region of Origin
Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.

32. Migration from Asia to the U.S.
Fig. 3-5: The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

33. Migration from Latin America to the U.S.
Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of immigrants to the U.S., but immigrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

34. U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations
Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.

35. BIG PICTURE
Pattern of immigration in U.S. has changed from mostly European to mostly Asian and Latin American
Reasons remain the same, pushed by poor economic/political conditions and pulled by economic and social opportunities

36. review
During the late 20th century most immigrants came from ___ and ___
One reason fewer Europeans migrate to the U.S. is due to the fact that they have low _____ and _____ that can support the population. They are in stage ___
Crossing the U.S./Mexican border is relatively easy (T/F)
Define “undocumented immigrant”
List the 4 states in which more than 50% of recent immigrants are clustered
More than ¼ of all undocumented immigrants are located in this state alone
Define Chain migration
Why have Mexican migrants recently started going to the Midwest in larger numbers?
What was the point and impact of the enclosure movement?

37. review
During the late 20th century most immigrants came from ___ and ___ (Asia and Latin America)
One reason fewer Europeans migrate to the U.S. is due to the fact that they have low _____ and _____ that can support the population. They are in stage ___ (natural increase rates; economies; 4)
Crossing the U.S./Mexican border is relatively easy (T)
Define “undocumented immigrant” (people who enter the country without proper documents)
List the 4 states in which more than 50% of recent immigrants are clustered (California, New York, Florida, Texas)
More than ¼ of all undocumented immigrants are located in this state alone (California)
Define Chain migration (the migration of people to a specific location, because relatives or members of the same nationality migrated there)
Why have Mexican migrants recently started going to the Midwest in larger numbers? (take industrial jobs shunned by Americans)
What was the point and impact of the enclosure movement? (to make farms in England more efficient. It forced millions to emigrate from rural areas)

38. Why do Migrants Face Obstacles?
ISSUE #3
Why do Migrants Face Obstacles?

39. IMMIGRATION POLICIES of HOST COUNTRIES
Two policies used by host countries to control arrival of foreigners seeking work:
Quota system
Temporary Work

40. QUOTA LAWS Quota Act (1921) National Origins Act (1924)
These two remained relatively unchanged until the 1960s
European bias ????
Led to a decline in immigration
By 1968 national quotas were replaced with “hemisphere” quotas
Hemisphere quotas were replaced by global quotas in 1978
breakdown of what type of people are permitted? (most are to reunite families)
Does this apply to refugees?
Asians have very effectively used the family preference strategy, leading to a great deal of chain migration

41. BRAIN DRAIN
Effects of U.S. immigration policies on countries with a lot of emigrants
Some are unhappy that they are losing this “brain power” to Europe and the U.S.
Should the U.S. care?

42. TYPES OF TEMPORARY WORKERS
GUEST WORKERS
TIME-CONTRACT WORKERS
Citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Europe and the ME
Take low-skilled, low-status jobs that locals don’t fill
Benefits home and new country in different ways such as….?
What protects them from exploitation?
Most in Europe come from NA, ME, EE/SE and Asia
A lot of Turks in Germany
Workers from Asia recruited for a fixed period for a specific job (railroads, mines, plantations…)
Many stayed after that time expired
Many Chinese living in other Asian nations

43. ECONOMIC MIGRANT OR REFUGEE? (why does it matter?)
Haitians were considered economic, not political refugees in the ‘80s until changed by a lawsuit by the Haitian people
Cuban emigrants are seen as political refugees since the ’59 revolution
- concentrated in Florida
Surge of Vietnamese to U.S. after 1975 created some issues (boat people)
2nd surge in late ‘80s to other Asian nations
about 800,000 have ended up in the U.S.

44. CULTURAL PROBLEMS FACED WHILE LIVING IN OTHER COUNTRIES
Europe & Guest Workers
U.S. Attitudes toward Immigrants
19th century – immigrants were often viewed with suspicion but helped settle new territories and extend U.S. control
Opposition increased in early 20th century as the frontier “closed”
Recent issues about things such as allowing/denying undocumented immigrants access to public services such as schools, day-care centers, health clinics…
Isolated (usually arrive alone, send most money back home, experience language & cultural barriers)
Some natives dislike/fear guest workers (why?)
Recent efforts in Europe and ME to reduce the # of guest workers due to lower economic growth
Troubles in Fiji?

45. Why do People Migrate Within a Country?
ISSUE #4
Why do People Migrate Within a Country?

46. TYPES OF INTERNAL MIGRATRION (WITHIN THE SAME COUNTRY)
INTERREGIONAL
(between regions)
INTRAREGIONAL
(within the same region)
Usually between rural and urban areas
Usually from older cities to suburbs

47. MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS WITHIN THE U.S.
Interregional was more prevalent in the past (why?)
Most famous example of large-scale internal migration in U.S. history? (interregional or intraregional?)
Population center has changed over the past 200 years (how? Why?)

48. Interregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-13: Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2003

49. Intraregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

50. CHANGING CENTERS OF POPULATION IN U.S.
RECENT GROWTH
OF THE SOUTH
EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE INTERIOR
SETTELEMENT OF THE GREAT PLAINS
- See worksheet

51. Center of Population in the U.S.
Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the migration of people to the west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.

52. MIGRATION WITHIN ONE REGION (WITHIN THE SAME COUNTRY)
Much more intraregional than interregional migration today
Usually from rural to urban areas
Today nearly ½ of world’s population lives in urban areas, in 1800 it was about 5%

53. MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN
Industrialization in 1800s led to larger urban populations
¾ of current U.S. population lives in urban areas (5% in 1800)
In LDCs this has skyrocketed and accounts for 50% of population increase in those areas (ex. Sao Paulo, Brazil)

54. Brasilia, Brazil
Brasilia was created as Brazil’s new capital in 1960 and since then has attracted thousands of migrants in search of jobs.

55. MIGRATION FROM URBAN TO SUBURBAN
In MDCs most intraregional migration is from cities to suburbs (opposite in LDCs)
Unlike other migration, reasons are not related to employment (pulled by lifestyle)
Consequences include converting farms to developments, more roads, sewers, schools….

56. MIGRATION FROM METROPOLITAN TO NONMETROPOLITAN
New trend in late 1990s, more people in MDCs immigrated into rural areas than emigrated out of them (counterurbanization)
Why? – growth of suburbs, lifestyle, less isolation with new technologies, retirees, leisure activities

57. Chapter 03: Review

58. 03.01 Which of the following is the strongest push factor for international migration?
1. Political instability
2. High living standards
3. Severe weather
4. Inadequate supplies of agricultural land
5. Family disagreements

59. 03.01 Which of the following is the strongest push factor for international migration?
1. Political instability
2. High living standards
3. Severe weather
4. Inadequate supplies of agricultural land
5. Family disagreements

60. 03.02 In 2007, which of the following countries had the greatest number of internal refugees?
1. Poland
2. Brazil
3. United States
4. China
5. Iraq

61. 03.02 In 2007, which of the following countries had the greatest number of internal refugees?
1. Poland
2. Brazil
3. United States
4. China
5. Iraq

63. 03.03 Moving from San Francisco to Iowa would be considered
1. International migration
2. Intraregional migration
3. Interregional migration
4. Forced migration
5. Net migration

64. 03.03 Moving from San Francisco to Iowa would be considered
1. International migration
2. Intraregional migration
3. Interregional migration
4. Forced migration
5. Net migration

65. 03.04 The largest source of international migrants is
1. North America
2. South America
3. Africa
4. Asia
5. Europe

66. 03.04 The largest source of international migrants is
1. North America
2. South America
3. Africa
4. Asia
5. Europe

68. 03.05 The most likely destination of international migrants is
1. North America
2. South America
3. Africa
4. Asia
5. Europe

69. 03.05 The most likely destination of international migrants is
1. North America
2. South America
3. Africa
4. Asia
5. Europe

71. 03.06 In which decade was immigration into the United States the lowest?

72. 03.06 In which decade was immigration into the United States the lowest?

74. 03.07 Which country has been the largest source of immigrants from Asia to the United States over the last two decades?
1. Vietnam
2. Philippines
3. South Korea
4. Japan
5. India

75. 03.07 Which country has been the largest source of immigrants from Asia to the United States over the last two decades?
1. Vietnam
2. Philippines
3. South Korea
4. Japan
5. India

77. 03.08 The greatest number of undocumented immigrants in the United States come from
1. Canada
2. Mexico
3. Caribbean
4. Europe
5. Asia

78. 03.08 The greatest number of undocumented immigrants in the United States come from
1. Canada
2. Mexico
3. Caribbean
4. Europe
5. Asia

79. 03.09 Cuban emigrants to the United States
1. Are considered political refugees
2. Typically support Fidel Castro
3. Settle primarily in and around New York City
4. Are usually turned back at sea
5. Usually try to return to Cuba

80. 03.09 Cuban emigrants to the United States
1. Are considered political refugees
2. Typically support Fidel Castro
3. Settle primarily in and around New York City
4. Are usually turned back at sea
5. Usually try to return to Cuba

81. 03.10 Which of the following was a new trend in western countries in the 1990s?
1. Urbania
2. Rural to urban migration
3. Counterurbanization
4. Urban to urban migration
5. Suburban to suburban migration

82. 03.10 Which of the following was a new trend in western countries in the 1990s?
1. Urbania
2. Rural to urban migration
3. Counterurbanization
4. Urban to urban migration
5. Suburban to suburban migration