1. Recovery after Races and Workouts Genadijus Sokolovas, Ph.D., USA Swimming

2. Fatigue in Swimming Fatigue is a state of discomfort, decreased efficiency, and reduced swimming velocity resulting from prolonged and/or excessive exertion. Fatigue is a state of discomfort, decreased efficiency, and reduced swimming velocity resulting from prolonged and/or excessive exertion. Fatigue requires more or less prolonged time to normalize the functions of various organs. Fatigue requires more or less prolonged time to normalize the functions of various organs.

3. Fatigue in Swimming Prolonged and / or Excessive Swimming Fatigue: - Discomfort - Decreased Swimming Efficiency - Decreased Muscles’ Contraction Ability - Decreased Swimming Velocity Fatigue: - Discomfort - Decreased Swimming Efficiency - Decreased Muscles’ Contraction Ability - Decreased Swimming Velocity Optimal Condition Before Workout or Competition Recovery

4. Hard Swimming Lactic Acid (Lactate) Acid Environment Hard Swimming (1-3 min swim) Hard Swimming (1-3 min swim) Decreased Muscles Contraction Ability O 2 deficit Decreased Swimming Velocity

5. Anaerobic Metabolism The main energy system for distances lasting from 30 sec to 3 min The main energy system for distances lasting from 30 sec to 3 min Lactic acid is a by-product of anaerobic glycolysis Lactic acid is a by-product of anaerobic glycolysis Swimmers produce maximum lactate amounts in distances from 100 to 400 m, when anaerobic glycolysis is the dominant pathway Swimmers produce maximum lactate amounts in distances from 100 to 400 m, when anaerobic glycolysis is the dominant pathway

6. Fatigue After Long Swimming Decreased Swimming Efficiency Reduced Energy Sources Long Swimming (20 minutes & more) Long Swimming (20 minutes & more) Decreased Muscles Contraction Ability O2O2 Decreased Swimming Velocity

7. Importance of Lactate Clearance During competition, swimmers are faced with numerous races: prelims, semifinals and finals During competition, swimmers are faced with numerous races: prelims, semifinals and finals Lactic acid (or lactate) creates an acid environment in the body, which ultimately affects the ability of muscles to contract Lactic acid (or lactate) creates an acid environment in the body, which ultimately affects the ability of muscles to contract In order for a swimmer to perform at maximal effort again, lactate must be removed In order for a swimmer to perform at maximal effort again, lactate must be removed

8. Types of Recovery Passive Recovery: Passive Recovery: Athletes recover after competition sitting in the pool. No warm-down swimming, no stretching. Active Recovery: Active Recovery: Athletes are swimming warm-down, doing stretching.

9. Examples of Passive Recovery Sitting on the bench or deck Sitting on the bench or deck Talking to friends or coach Talking to friends or coach Listening to music Listening to music Watching races Watching races

10. Examples of Active Recovery Cool-down swimming Cool-down swimming Active stretching Active stretching Jogging Jogging

11. Active and Passive Recovery

12. Effects of Active Recovery Elevated blood circulation Elevated blood circulation Fast oxygen delivery Fast oxygen delivery Elevated transition of lactate from muscles to the blood Elevated transition of lactate from muscles to the blood Faster lactate clearance Faster lactate clearance Faster replenishment of energy sources in muscles Faster replenishment of energy sources in muscles Increased muscle contraction ability Increased muscle contraction ability Ability to race again at maximum efforts within a short time period Ability to race again at maximum efforts within a short time period

13. Effects of Passive Recovery Slow blood circulation Slow blood circulation Slow oxygen delivery Slow oxygen delivery Slow transition of lactate from muscles to the blood Slow transition of lactate from muscles to the blood Slow lactate clearance Slow lactate clearance Slow replenishment of energy sources in muscles Slow replenishment of energy sources in muscles Decreased muscle contraction ability Decreased muscle contraction ability Inability to race again at maximum efforts within a short time period Inability to race again at maximum efforts within a short time period

14. Duration of Active Recovery The shorter the race distance, the longer the active recovery The shorter the race distance, the longer the active recovery Duration of warm-down after the race for sprinters 25-30 min Duration of warm-down after the race for sprinters 25-30 min Duration of warm-down after the race for middle distance swimmers 20-25 min Duration of warm-down after the race for middle distance swimmers 20-25 min Duration of warm-down after the race for distance swimmers 15-20 min Duration of warm-down after the race for distance swimmers 15-20 min

15. Intensity of Active Recovery Intensity of warm-down for sprinters 50- 55% of maximum 100 swimming velocity Intensity of warm-down for sprinters 50- 55% of maximum 100 swimming velocity Intensity of warm-down for middle distance swimmers 55-60% of maximum 100 swimming velocity Intensity of warm-down for middle distance swimmers 55-60% of maximum 100 swimming velocity Intensity of warm-down for distance swimmers 60-65% of maximum 100 swimming velocity Intensity of warm-down for distance swimmers 60-65% of maximum 100 swimming velocity

16. Duration of Active Recovery Swimming 400 to 1500 SwimmersRace Duration 50 to 200 Swimmers 10-15 min5020-25 min 15-20 min100-20025-30 min 15-20 min40020-25 min 10-15 min800-150015-20 min

17. Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers Skeletal muscles have two categories of fibers: Skeletal muscles have two categories of fibers: fast twitch (white or type I) fast twitch (white or type I) slow twitch (red or type II) slow twitch (red or type II) Fast twitch muscle fibers contract rapidly, but shortly, high peak lactates, and slow lactate clearance Fast twitch muscle fibers contract rapidly, but shortly, high peak lactates, and slow lactate clearance Slow twitch muscle fibers contract slowly, but longer time, low peak lactates, and fast lactate clearance Slow twitch muscle fibers contract slowly, but longer time, low peak lactates, and fast lactate clearance

18. Peculiarities of Lactate Clearance Sprinters: Sprinters: –High peak of lactate after the race (10-16 mmol/l) –Slow lactate clearance after the race –Long warm-down protocol (25-30 min) –Low intensity of warm-down protocol

19. Example of Lactate Clearance (Sprinter)

20. Peculiarities of Lactate Clearance Distance swimmers: Distance swimmers: –Low peak of lactate after the race (5-8 mmol/l) –Fast lactate clearance after the race –Short warm-down protocol (15-20 min) –Moderate intensity of warm-down protocol

21. Example of Lactate Clearance (Distance Swimmer)

22. RELATIVE ENDURANCE (RATIOS) Sprinters have a higher speed reserve and a lower relative endurance: Sprinters have a higher speed reserve and a lower relative endurance: Swimmer 1Swimmer 2 Best Time on 10000:54.5000:55.00 Best Time on 20001:57.7002:02.10 Times in Seconds54.5, 117.7 sec55.0, 122.1 sec Calculation 117.7/54.5122.1/55.0 Ratio 200/1002.162.22

23. RELATIVE ENDURANCE Ratios between the times (in seconds) over various distances show relative endurance (RE) or speed reserve in athletes Ratios between the times (in seconds) over various distances show relative endurance (RE) or speed reserve in athletes RE may provide valuable information regarding an athlete’s distance orientation and/or condition as well as energy categories RE may provide valuable information regarding an athlete’s distance orientation and/or condition as well as energy categories The studies demonstrate that RE depends on swimmer’s event, time of season, and has small tendency to change with age The studies demonstrate that RE depends on swimmer’s event, time of season, and has small tendency to change with age

24. Working Capacity Lactate clearance depends on working capacity. Lactate clearance depends on working capacity. Working capacity can be evaluated as heart rate in recovery after test set or time trial. Working capacity can be evaluated as heart rate in recovery after test set or time trial. Heart rate is easy to count on the neck or wrist. Heart rate is easy to count on the neck or wrist. The lower the maximum heart rate and higher the rate of heart rate recovery, the better is the working capacity. The lower the maximum heart rate and higher the rate of heart rate recovery, the better is the working capacity.

25. Heart Rate in Recovery Decline of heart beats during the first minute of recovery after the race or swimming set: Decline of heart beats during the first minute of recovery after the race or swimming set: Swimmer 1 Swimmer 2 Swimmer 1 Swimmer 2 HR1 - from 0-10 sec3130 HR1 - from 0-10 sec3130 HR2 - from 30-40 sec2729 HR2 - from 30-40 sec2729 HR3 - from 60-70 sec2427 HR3 - from 60-70 sec2427

26. Lactate Clearance - HR Recovery

27. Calculation of Heart Rate in Recovery HR1 - 31 beats/10 sec HR1 - 31 beats/10 sec HR2 - 27 beats/10 sec HR2 - 27 beats/10 sec HR3 - 24 beats/10 sec HR3 - 24 beats/10 sec HR Recovery = 100 – [(HR3/HR1)*100] HR Recovery = 100 – [(HR3/HR1)*100] HR Recovery = 100 – [(24/31)*100] = 22.6% HR Recovery = 100 – [(24/31)*100] = 22.6%

28. Duration of Post-Race Recovery Heart Rate Recovery is 22.6%. This number is put into a formula: Heart Rate Recovery is 22.6%. This number is put into a formula: Y = 99.15*X -0.4316, Y = 99.15*X -0.4316, where Y = duration of post-race recovery at 60% swimming velocity (in minutes), and X = Recovery Heart Rate (%). After calculations, we get an optimal duration of post-race recovery of 25.8 min. where Y = duration of post-race recovery at 60% swimming velocity (in minutes), and X = Recovery Heart Rate (%). After calculations, we get an optimal duration of post-race recovery of 25.8 min.

29. Testing at Meets

30. Lactate Clearance Feedback Summer Nationals, Fort Lauderdale, 8/12/2002 Protocol 1 - 151 bpm ============================= Testing Time - 8/12/2002 Testing Stroke - Fly Testing Distance - 100 LCM Result - 0:58.49 ----------------- Minutes Lactates 3 9.30 13 8.30 16 6.40 ----------------- (after Peak) Rate of Recovery: First 10 Min - 10.75 % 10.75 % Second 10 Min - 76.31 % 76.31 % First 20 Min - 78.85 % 78.85 % Optimal Duration of Warm-Down: Down to 2 mmol/L - 19.9 Min Down to 1 mmol/L - 21.5 Min

31. Lactate Clearance Feedback Summer Nationals, Fort Lauderdale, 8/12/2002 Protocol 7 - 143 bpm ============================= Testing Time - 8/15/2002 Testing Stroke - Free Testing Distance - 100 LCM Result - 0:54.66 ----------------- Minutes Lactates 3 13.10 13 11.80 30 4.30 38 2.40 ----------------- (after Peak) Rate of Recovery: First 10 Min - 9.92 % 9.92 % Second 10 Min - 37.39 % 37.39 % First 20 Min - 43.60 % 43.60 % Optimal Duration of Warm-Down: Down to 2 mmol/L - 36.7 Min Down to 1 mmol/L - 40.9 Min

32. Lactate Clearance Feedback 02 JEI, L.A., 7/18/2002 Protocol 1 - 126 bpm ============================= Testing Time - 7/18/2002 Testing Stroke - Free Testing Distance - 800 LCM Result - 8:00.82 ----------------- Minutes Lactates 3 7.10 13 1.40 ----------------- (after Peak) Rate of Recovery: First 10 Min - 80.28 % 80.28 % Optimal Duration of Warm-Down: Down to 2 mmol/L - 8.9 Min Down to 1 mmol/L - 10.7 Min

33. BASED ON LACTATE CLEARANCE DATABASE

34. LACTATE CLEARANCE DATABASE Lactate Clearance Database includes lactate testing results at major meets from 2001 to 2005: Lactate Clearance Database includes lactate testing results at major meets from 2001 to 2005: –43 swim meets –More than 8,000 lactate removal protocols –About 1,500 swimmers –Priority to the National Team swimmers –Only Olympic Trials qualifiers tested in 2004 –Some NT swimmers were tested up to 10 protocols at one meet

35. PARAMETERS OF RECOVERY PROFILE Peak Lactate (La Peak) Peak Lactate (La Peak) Rate of Lactate Removal during the first 10 Min (Rec 0-10) Rate of Lactate Removal during the first 10 Min (Rec 0-10) Rate of Lactate Removal during the second 10 Min (Rec 10-20) Rate of Lactate Removal during the second 10 Min (Rec 10-20) Rate of Lactate Removal during the first 20 Min (Rec 20) Rate of Lactate Removal during the first 20 Min (Rec 20) Duration of Warm-Down down to 2 mmol/L (Warm-Down) Duration of Warm-Down down to 2 mmol/L (Warm-Down)

36. Analysis of Lactate Clearance Database Regular testing of lactate peak and lactate clearance allows to track these results: Regular testing of lactate peak and lactate clearance allows to track these results: –During an individual season –From one season to other season –From one race to other race during a single competition –Prelim vs final races

37. RECOVERY PROFILE Analysis individual lactate peak and removal results relative to: Analysis individual lactate peak and removal results relative to: –Individual norms from database –Norms in different events –Norms for different age and gender –Norms for different performances –Norms for prelims and finals –Norms for active and passive recovery –Any combination of above-mentioned norms

38. RECOVERY PROFILE For analysis purposes, all individual or selected group lactate testing results fall between 0% and 100%: For analysis purposes, all individual or selected group lactate testing results fall between 0% and 100%: –The worst lactate peak/lactate clearance result is 0% –The best lactate peak/lactate clearance result is 100%

39. INDIVIDUAL RECOVERY PROFILE 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% VLow Low Medium High VHigh

40. Lactate Testing Results in a Single Competition Prelims Finals

41. Lactate Testing Results During a Season PrelimsFinals

42. Lactate Testing Results From One Year to Other Year Prelims

43. Recovery Profile PrelimsFinals

44. Recovery after Races and Workouts 1. Drink and eat plenty of high-energy drinks and bars. 2. Swim cool down at optimal pace for 10 min. 3. Eat high-energy bar or fruits (bananas, pears, apples, etc.) 4. Swim cool-down at optimal pace for next 10 min. 5. Eat snack after the workout or swim meet on the way to school/home/hotel.

45. Conclusions Swimming at high velocity yields high amounts of lactate in the muscles. This has negative effects on the ability of the muscles to contract. In order for a swimmer to perform at maximal effort again, lactate must be removed Swimming at high velocity yields high amounts of lactate in the muscles. This has negative effects on the ability of the muscles to contract. In order for a swimmer to perform at maximal effort again, lactate must be removed Active recovery (swimming warm-down) is helpful for lactate removal. During passive recovery (i.e. sitting on the bench) lactate removal is very slow Active recovery (swimming warm-down) is helpful for lactate removal. During passive recovery (i.e. sitting on the bench) lactate removal is very slow Duration of post-race recovery should be 25-30 min for sprinters, 20-25 min for middle distance swimmers, and 15-20 min for distance swimmers Duration of post-race recovery should be 25-30 min for sprinters, 20-25 min for middle distance swimmers, and 15-20 min for distance swimmers

46. Conclusions Swimming intensity during warm-down should be light for sprinters (about 50-55% of maximum 100 m swimming velocity), light to moderate for middle distance swimmers (55-60% of maximum 100 m swimming velocity), and moderate for distance swimmers (60-65% of maximum 100 m swimming velocity) Swimming intensity during warm-down should be light for sprinters (about 50-55% of maximum 100 m swimming velocity), light to moderate for middle distance swimmers (55-60% of maximum 100 m swimming velocity), and moderate for distance swimmers (60-65% of maximum 100 m swimming velocity) The post-race recovery protocol should include straight swimming. Warm-down can be substituted with stretching if there is no warm-down pool available. Heart rate during stretching should be low (120-140 beats/min or 20-23 beats/10 sec) The post-race recovery protocol should include straight swimming. Warm-down can be substituted with stretching if there is no warm-down pool available. Heart rate during stretching should be low (120-140 beats/min or 20-23 beats/10 sec) The warm-down protocols can also be used for workouts after hard swimming sets. A warm-down will help to recover faster before the next workout The warm-down protocols can also be used for workouts after hard swimming sets. A warm-down will help to recover faster before the next workout

47. QUESTIONS? QUESTIONS?