2. Encounters and Foundations to 1800 Introduction to the Literary Period Interactive Time Line Milestone: Clash of Cultures Milestone: Iroquois Confederacy Milestone: Puritan Dominance Milestone: Rise of Rationalism and IndependenceMilestone: Rise of Rationalism and Independence Milestone: Smallpox Plague Milestone: American Revolution What Have You Learned? Feature Menu

3. Encounters and Foundations to 1800 1492 Clash of Cultures Choose a link on the time line to go to a milestone. 1650 16001500 1450 1700 1750 1500 Iroquois Confederacy 1620 Puritan Dominance 1700–1800 Rise of Rationalism and Independence 1775–1783 American Revolution 1721 Smallpox Plague

4. Spaniards explore Florida and the Southwest Forming New Relationships Columbus lands in 1492 Norse explorers land before 1492 Clash of Cultures

5. Europeans expose Indians to new, deadly diseases. Settlers force some Indians from their traditional homes. Interdependence between Europeans and Indians develops. Forming New Relationships Clash of Cultures

6. Cabeza de Vaca provides firsthand accounts of native life and culture. Explorers’ Writings Explorers use their journals to raise funds for further exploration. Observations recorded by explorers to New World. Clash of Cultures Cabeza de Vaca in the Desert by Frederic Remington.

7. Had influence on future government of New World Unity Among Native Americans Complex and egalitarian constitution preserved in oral history Mohawk leader Dekanawida unites rival tribes around 1500 Iroquois Confederacy

8. Value self-reliance, industriousness, temperance, simplicity Puritans in America Use simple forms of worship Puritans flee religious persecution in England Set out new form of government in Mayflower Compact Puritan Dominance

9. Saintly “elect” are leaders of society Government by Contract Use contractual agreement model for constitutional democracy Believe a contract exists between God and humanity Political views tend to leave little room for compromise Puritan Dominance

10. Diaries and histories most common forms of literature Puritan Writing Viewed life as a journey to salvation Believed Bible was literal word of God Valued education; Harvard founded sixteen years after first Pilgrims arrived Puritan Dominance

11. Salem Witchcraft Trials Within ten months, about 150 people accused—many put to death Began in 1691—three women accused of witchcraft Strict, repressive society could be one cause for mass hysteria Puritan Dominance

12. The Age of Reason Threatened faith system of Puritans Started in Europe and spread to America Believed man could use reason and intellect, rather than religion, to discover scientific and spiritual truth Best form of worship was to do good for others Rise of Rationalism and Independence

13. Tinkerers and Experimenters Writings reflected rationalist worldview Prominent American rationalists include: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, Thomas Paine Most prominent work was Franklin’s The Autobiography Rise of Rationalism and Independence Benjamin Franklin

14. Thought in Action Puritan preacher Cotton Mather started inoculation efforts Plague infected nearly half of Boston’s population Proof that not all Puritan thinking was rigid and narrow Example of how practical approach to change was necessary in America Smallpox Plague

15. Forming a New Nation Signed Declaration of Independence from Britain in 1776 Many arguments in Declaration based on rationalist beliefs George Washington, a rationalist, elected first president of United States American Revolution George Washington “The Star Spangled Banner”

16. ______ Smallpox inoculations in Boston ______ Signing of Declaration of Independence ______ Early Spanish explorers reach New World ______ Migration of Puritans to New England Indicate whether the following items refer to the time before, during, or after the Age of Reason. before during before What Have You Learned? [End of Section]

17. The End

18. Indian petroglyphs This photograph shows petroglyphs on an area known as Newspaper Rock, in southern Utah. Archaeologists estimate that the earliest images here are more than two thousand years old. Activity: What meanings do you think these petroglyphs might have? Viewing the Art

19. Petroglyphs are designs scratched into the surface of a rock. To create these images, Native Americans scraped away the dark surface, revealing lighter sandstone underneath.