2. Fig 12.1 P. 327

3. Each somatic neuron together with all the muscle fibers it innervates. Each muscle fiber receives a single axon terminal from a somatic neuron. Each axon can have collateral branches to innervate multiple muscle fibers. Motor Unit Fig 12.4 P. 329

4. Motor Unit When a somatic neuron is activated, all the muscle fibers it innervates contract with all or none contractions. Innervation ratio: –Ratio of motor neuron: muscle fibers. Fine neural control vs. strength Eyes muscles 1:12. Gastrocnemius 1:2000. Recruitment: –Larger and larger motor units are activated to produce greater strength.

5. Fig 12.5 P. 330

7. Fig 12.6 P. 331

8. Fig 12.8 P. 332

9. Fig 12.7 P. 332

10. Fig 12.10 P. 334

11. Sliding Filament Theory of Contraction Sliding of filaments is produced by the actions of cross bridges. Cross bridges are part of the myosin proteins that extend out toward actin. Each myosin head contains an ATP- binding site. The myosin head functions as a myosin ATPase.

12. Fig 12.9 P. 333

13. Sliding Filament Theory of Contraction Muscle contracts: –Sliding of thin filaments over and between thick filaments towards center. Shortening the distance from Z disc to Z disc (sarcomeres shorten). A bands: –Do not shorten during contraction. I bands: –Shorten during contraction. H bands shorten. –Shorten during contraction.

14. Fig 12.11 P. 335

15. Fig 12.12 P. 335

16. Fig 12.13 P. 336

17. Fig 12.15 P. 338

18. Na + diffusion produces end- plate potential (depolarization). + ions are attracted to negative plasma membrane. If depolarization sufficient, threshold occurs, producing APs. Excitation-Contraction Coupling Fig 12.16 P. 339

19. APs travel down sarcolema and T tubules. SR terminal cisternae releases Ca 2+ from chemical release channels. Excitation-Contraction Coupling Fig 12.15 P. 338

20. T-tubules and SR are connected by two integral proteins: Dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor in T-tubule Ryanodine in SR. Ryanodine constitutes foot proteins that bind them, plus it has a calcium channel

21. Ca 2+ attaches to troponin. Tropomyosin- troponin complex configuration change occurs. Cross bridges attach to actin. Excitation-Contraction Coupling Fig 12.14 P. 337

22. Muscle Relaxation APs must cease for the muscle to relax. AChe degrades ACh. Ca 2+ release channels close. Ca 2+ pumped back into SR through Ca 2+ - ATPase pumps. Choline recycled to make more ACh.

23. Fig 12.17 P. 340

24. Fig 12.18 P. 340

27. Length-Tension Relationship Strength of muscle contraction influenced by: –Frequency of stimulation. –Thickness of each muscle fiber. –Initial length of muscle fiber. Ideal resting length: –Length which can generate maximum force. Overlap too small: –Few cross bridges can attach. No overlap: –No cross bridges can attach to actin.

28. Fig 12.20 P. 342

29. Muscle Metabolism Skeletal muscles respire anaerobically first 45 - 90 sec of moderate to heavy exercise. –Cardiopulmonary system requires this amount of time to increase 0 2 supply to exercising muscles. Maximum oxygen uptake (aerobic capacity): –Maximum rate of oxygen consumption (V 02 max) determined by age, gender, and size.

30. Muscle Metabolism If exercise is moderate, aerobic respiration contributes the majority of skeletal muscle requirements following the first 2 min. of exercise.

31. Fig 12.21 P. 343

32. Muscle Metabolism During light exercise: –Most energy is derived from aerobic respiration of fatty acids. During moderate exercise: –Energy is derived equally from fatty acids and glucose. During heavy exercise: –Glucose supplies 2/3 of the energy for muscles. Liver increases glycogenolysis. During exercise, the GLUT-4 carrier protein is moved to the muscle cell’s plasma membrane.

33. Muscle Metabolism Oxygen debt: –Oxygen that was withdrawn from hemoglobin and myoglobin during exercise. –Extra 0 2 required for metabolism tissue warmed during exercise. –0 2 needed for metabolism of lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration. When person stops exercising, rate of oxygen uptake does not immediately return to pre-exercise levels. –Returns slowly.

34. Phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate): Rapid source of renewal of ATP. ADP combines with creatine phosphate. [Phosphocreatine] is 3 times [ATP]. Ready source of high-energy phosphate. Fig 12.22 P. 344

35. Slow- and Fast-Twitch Fibers Skeletal muscle fibers can be divided on basis of contraction speed: –Slow-twitch (type I fibers). –Fast-twitch (type II fibers). Differences due to different myosin ATPase isoenzymes that are slow or fast.

36. Type I (red) slow-twitch fiber Type II (white) fast-twitch fiber

37. Slow- and Fast-Twitch Fibers Slow-twitch (type I fibers): –Red fibers (high myoglobin content). –High oxidative capacity for aerobic respiration. –Resistant to fatigue. –Rich capillary supply. –Numerous mitochondria and aerobic enzymes. Soleus muscle in the leg.

38. Slow- and Fast-Twitch Fibers Fast-twitch (type IIX fibers): –White fibers (low myoglobin). –Adapted to respire anaerobically. –Have large stores of glycogen. –Have few capillaries. –Have few mitochondria. Extraocular muscles that position the eye.

39. Slow- and Fast-Twitch Fibers Intermediate (type IIA) fibers: –Great aerobic ability. –Resistant to fatigue. Gastrocnemius muscle in the leg People vary genetically in proportion of fast- and slow-twitch fibers in their muscles.

41. Fig 12.25 P. 346

43. Does not contain sarcomeres. Contains > content of actin than myosin (ratio of 16:1). Myosin filaments attached at ends of the cell to dense bodies. Contains gap junctions (single-unit muscle). Smooth Muscle Fig 12.33 P. 355

44. Fig 12.34 P.356

45. Fig 12.35 P.358