1. I. Anthophyte
II. Angiosperms as a Separate Group

2. Three unrooted trees showing the relationships among the Gnetales (blue), Conifers (Green), Ginkgo&Cycads(Coral) and Angiosperms (fuschia).
Bowe et al Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers PNAS 97:

3. Bootstrap Value = 92
Bootstrap Value = 83
Tree based on Phytochrome A and Phytochrome C. Note high bootstrap values for Amborella as basal (Matthews and Donoghue, 1999).

4. Qiu et al.’s Tree (Nature, 25 November 1999) Based on 5 - genes
2-mitochondrial
2-plastid
1-nuclear
Magnoliids
Basal Angiosperms
Illiciales
Bootstrap Value = 100
Nymphaeales
Amborella

5. Barkman et al.
6-gene tree
(PNAS 2000).

6. 9-gene tree
Barkman et al. 2000

7. Barkman et al. comparison of bootstrap values for Root A (Amborella and Nymphaeales) vs Root B (Amborella alone). Dark bars are noise-reduced; open are raw data.

8. Amborella alone is in the basal clade
Amborella and Nymphaeales share the basal clade
Support Leans Towards a Shared Clade

9. Textbook Version of the 4 Main Groups
These 3 groups are unresolved

10. 4 Main Angiosperm Groups Shown on Qiu’s Tree
4. Eudicots- the largest group
2. Magnoliids
3. Monocots
1. Basal Angiosperms

11. The ANITA group is mostly Australasian.+
=Illiciales
(Trimeniaceae, Amborella)
Amborella is native to New Caledonia
The ANITA group is mostly Australasian.

12. Amborellales
Amborellaceae
Amborella

13. Amborella Flowering Branch
Amborella branch- evergreen, simple, alternate leaves with wavy edges
amborella.flr jpg

14. Amborella male flower-note “leaf-like” stamens with a thick filament that are spirally arranged. Amborella is dioecious.
amborella.flr jpg

15. The “stamen”-like structures are staminodes.
Amborella
Female Flowers
Carpels
The “stamen”-like structures are staminodes.

16. Nymphaeales
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea

17. Nymphaeaceae the “N” of the ANITA groups.
Note: Radial symmetry, aquatic habit, palmate venation. We have two local species of Nymphaea

18. Victoria amazonica, Amazon Water Lily, Nymphaeaceae

19. Note many flower parts, radial symmetry

21. fused carpels, stigmas radiate from a circular disk
Stamens with wide- “leaf-like” filament.

22. Stamens
Stigmas
Ovary

23. Note several locules (chambers) in the ovary

25. Nymphaeales
Nymphaeaceae
Nuphar

26. Nuphar the other main genus of the Nymphaeaceae found in the NE- note radial symmetry, blade like filaments, fused carpels. We have 1-3 local species of Nuphar.

27. Rhizomes of Nuphar with leaf scars and adventitious roots
Rhizomes of Nuphar with leaf scars and adventitious roots. These would grow in the substrate under water.

28. Nuphar lutea (Nymphaeaceae) pollen Monosulcate Pollen
Nuphar lutea (Nymphaeaceae) pollen
Monosulcate Pollen

29. Nuphar Embryo Sac
Recall that Nuphar female gametophytes have only one nucleus in their central cell and lack the antipodal cells entirely-- making their embryo sac only 4-celled!!
sy = synergids
cc = central cell nucleus
e = egg (behind synergids)

30. Illiciales
Illiciaceae
Illicium

31. Illiciaceae - “I” of ANITA Illicium sp. Star Anise
phylogeny.arizona.edu
Illiciaceae - “I” of ANITA
Illicium sp.
Star Anise
Note: radial symmetry, woody, mostly unfused flower parts

32. Illicium religiosum

33. Star anise developing fruit and mature fruits