1. Function depends on structure

2. Muscle classification
Striated muscle
Skeletal Muscle - voluntary muscles that allow for movement
Cardiac Muscle - heart - specialized, involuntary
Non-striated muscle
Smooth Muscle such as blood vessels, digestive tract, internal organs, involuntary

3. Muscle functions Muscle perform four import functions:
Produce movement
Maintaining posture
Stabilizing joints
Generating heat

4. Functional characteristics of muscles
Excitability (irritability): the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
Contractility: the ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated
Extensibility: the ability to be stretched or extended
Elasticity: the ability of a muscle fiber to resume its resting length after being stretched.

5. Sarcomere: the contractile unit of a myofibril
contains actin thin filament and myosin thick filament

6. I band A band Cross bridge Thick filament Thin filament
Fig. 8-4, p.317

7. Contraction of sarcomeres-sliding-filament theory
muscle contraction- sarcomeres shorten, actin and myosin move past each other and increase overlap between actin and myosin.
muscle stretched- Sarcomeres elongate. Reduce overlap between actin and myosin.
Note: Length of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments remains constant.

9. Length-tension relation
Total tension is proportional to the total number of cross-bridges (overlap) between actin and myosin filaments
Ideal resting length: generate maximum force.
Overlap to small: few cross-bridges can attach.
No overlap: no cross-bridges can attach to actin.

10. 3 pairs of molecules:
myosin heavy chains
essential light chains
regulatory light chains

11. Actin - thin filaments
1. comprised of protein dimers linked in "chains" 2. each actin monomer has a myosin binding site 3. thin filaments are anchored at one end to "Z-line" proteins 4. thin filaments are free at other end 5. "sarcomere" is the name for unit between "Z-lines"
G-actin polymerize F-actin (filamentous)

12. Troponin is a complex of 3 protein subunits:
Troponin C binds Ca 2+
Troponin T binds tropomyosin
Troponin I binds both actin & tropomyosin

13. Troponin C binds Ca 2+
Troponin T binds tropomyosin
Troponin I binds both actin & tropomyosin

14. Cross-bridge chemistry
Attachable
Revisable
Transduction of chemical to mechanical energy in muscle causes the filaments to slide:
Partial rotation of the actin-bound myosin head.

15. neuromuscular junctions Each muscle cell is directly innervated by the terminal branch of a motor neuron. The contact between nerve and muscle occurs at a small specialized spot termed the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).

16. Transverse tube (T tube not Z disk): transmit excitation into muscle fibers
Crab
Frog

17. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): Ca2+ is stored and released as free Ca2+ during excitation-contraction

18. Calsequestirin: Ca2+ binding protein in SR
Ca2+/Ma2+ pump (ATPase): proteins in SR actively transport Ca2+ ions (requires ATP).

23. Ca++ regulation
a. neural activation >> muscle is electrically excited >> AP
AP ionic currents reach SR, open voltage sensitive Ca++ channels Ca++ rushes out of SR, binds to troponin C, actin-myosin permitted to interact >> contraction
b. AP stops, voltage sensitive Ca++ channels close,
Ca++ rapidly pumped into SR, tropomyosin returns, actin-myosin interactions blocked >> relaxation
c. Ca++ is sequestered (pumped and stored) in Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
- SR is the endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells - SR is intracellular Ca++ store
d. Ca++ is actively pumped into SR from muscle cytoplasm

24. Ryanodine receptor: located on SR membrane
Dihydropyridine receptor: located on T tubule membrane, no or little Ca2+ passes through in skeletal muscle.
Releasing Ca2+ from SR into the myoplasm depends
interaction of activated dihydropyridine receptor and ryanodine receptor-plunger model
Calcium-induced calcium release

25. Mechanisms of Contraction
AP travels down the motor neuron to bouton.
VG Ca++ channels open, Ca++ diffuses into the bouton.
Ca++ binds to vesicles of NT.
ACh released into neuromuscular junction.
ACh binds onto receptor.
Chemical gated channel for Na+ and K+open.

26. Mechanisms of Contraction
Na+ diffuses into and K+ out of the membrane.
End-plate potential occurs (depolarization).
+ ions are attracted to negative membrane.
If depolarization sufficient, threshold occurs, producing AP.

27. Mechanisms of Contraction
AP travels down sarcolema and T tubules.
Terminal cisternae release Ca++.

28. Mechanisms of Contraction
Ca++binds to troponin.
Troponin-tropomyosin complex moves.
Active binding site on actin disclosed.

29. Sliding Filament Theory
Sliding of filaments is produced by the actions of cross bridges.
Cross bridges are part of the myosin proteins that form arms that terminate in heads.
Each myosin head contains an ATP-binding site.
The myosin head functions as a myosin ATPase.

30. Contraction Myosin binding site splits ATP to ADP and Pi.
ADP and Pi remain bound to myosin until myosin heads attach to actin.
Pi is released, causing the power stroke to occur.

31. Contraction Power stroke pulls actin toward the center of the A band.
ADP is released, when myosin binds to a fresh ATP at the end of the power stroke.
Release of ADP upon binding to another ATP, causes the cross bridge bond to break.
Cross bridges detach, ready to bind again.

32. Contraction ACh-esterase degrades ACh. Ca++ pumped back into SR.
Choline recycled to make more ACh.
Only about 50% if cross bridges are attached at any given time.
Asynchronous action.

33. Contraction A bands: I band:
Move closer together.
Do not shorten.
I band:
Distance between A bands of
successive sarcomeres.
Decrease in length.
Occurs because of sliding of thin filaments over and between thick filaments.
H band shortens.
Contains only thick filaments.

35. Regulation of Contraction
Regulation of cross-bridge attachment to actin due to:
Tropomyosin.
Troponin.

36. Role of Ca++ Relaxation:
[Ca++ ] in sarcoplasm low when tropomyosin block attachment.
Ca++ is pumped back into the SR in the terminal cisternae.
Muscle relaxes.

37. Role of Ca++ in Muscle Contraction
Stimulated:
Ca++ is released from SR.
Ca++ attaches to troponin
Tropomyosin-troponin configuration change

39. Two major processes require ATP in muscle contraction:
Hydrolysis ATP by myosin (70-80%)
Pumping of Ca2+ back into SR (20-30%)