1. Muscle Fibers

2. Muscle fiber is the muscle cell Each skeletal muscle contains hundreds to thousands of these fiber cells

3. Epimysium

4. The connective tissue covering that covers the entire muscle Outer most covering of the muscle

5. Perimysium

6. Surrounds bundles of 10 to 100 muscle fibers/cells called fascicles Second/middle covering of muscle tissue.

7. Fascicles

8. A bundle of 10 to 100 muscle fibers/cells

9. Endomysium

10. Third or Innermost covering Covers the muscle fiber/cell Just outside the sarcolemma

11. Tendon

12. A cord of dense regular connective tissue composed of collagen fibers. The tissues of the epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, and sarcolemma come together to form the tendon The tendon is connected to the periosteum of the bone Tendons connect muscle to bone

13. Sarcolemma

14. The plasma membrane (cell membrane) of the muscle cell Defines the individual muscle fiber from its surroundings Folds inward to form the transverse tubules Involved in active and passive transport

15. Transverse Tubules (T-Tubules)

16. Located on the exterior bundles of myofibrils of the muscle fiber/cell Located in the middle of the terminal cistern. Tubes tunnel inward through the myofibrils into the interior of the muscle cell Store calcium ions (Ca 2+ )

17. Sarcoplasm

18. Similar to the cytoplasm of other cells. Contains: – Sarcoplasmic reticulum – Many mitochondria – Myoglobin Main function is to provide an aqueous environment for calcium ion (Ca 2+ ) exchange between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the thin filament.

19. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

20. Similar to the endoplasmic reticulum of other eukaryotic cells Network of fluid-filled membrane-enclosed tubules extending from the terminal cisterns Main function is to store calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) required for muscle contraction

21. Myoglobin

22. Reddish pigment similar to hemoglobin in blood. Stores oxygen until it is needed by mitochondria to generate ATP Myoglobin binds oxygen when oxygen is plentiful in the sarcoplasm and releases oxygen when it is scarce in the sarcoplasm. Myoglobin is part of aerobic cellular respiration

23. Myofibrils

24. Myofibrils contain the following and all their components. o Thin filaments o Thick filaments o Sarcomeres o Z-Discs o A-Band o H-Zone o I-Band

25. Thin Filament

26. Main structural helix of the thin filament is composed of protein called actin. – Other proteins involved in the structure of thin filament Tropomyosin – Block the myosin binding site in relaxed muscle Troponin – Hold tropomyosin in place on thin filament Contains the myosin –binding site

27. Thick Filaments

28. Composed of protein called myosin Structured like golf clubs twisted together Golf club handles are the myosin tails The heads of the golf clubs are the myosin heads Thick filaments are secured at their centers by the M-Line

29. Sarcomeres

30. The basic functional unit of myofibrils and striated muscle fibers. (Skeletal and Cardiac) A sarcomeres is the area between two Z-discs

31. Z-Discs

32. Zigzagging zones Space between two Z-discs is a sarcomere Thin Filament is attached to the Z-discs

33. A-Band

34. Darker striation of muscle Extends the entire length of the thick filament Thin and thick filaments overlap at the ends of the A-band The H-zone is in the middle of the A-band

35. H-Zone

36. The center of the A-band Section in relaxed muscle where there is no thin filaments When a muscle contracts the H-zone disappears because the thin filaments overlap in the H-Zone

37. I-Band

38. Extends from the end of a thick filament in one sarcomere across the Z-disc and ends at the next thick filament in the adjacent sarcomere. In a relaxed muscle, there are no thick filaments in the I-band. In a contracted muscle, the I-band disappears. Thick filaments move into the I-band during contraction

39. Myosin

40. Protein making up the thick filament Structured like golf clubs twisted together Golf club handles are the myosin tails The heads of the golf clubs are the myosin heads

41. Myosin Heads

42. Cluster of myosin protein forming heads at the ends of the thick filament When the myosin head is attached to the myosin-binding site on the thin filament a crossbridge is formed Power Stroke - When the myosin head moves the thin filament toward the M-line in contraction.

43. Actin

44. Main structural protein in the thin filament – Actin combine with the following to form the thin filament Tropomyosin – Block the myosin binding site in relaxed muscle Troponin – Hold tropomyosin in place on thin filament

45. Tropomyosin

46. Protein that forms rod-shaped, helical-stripes down the thin filament. In a relaxed muscle, the tropomyosin covers the myosin-binding sites, this blocks the myosin heads from attaching to the thin filament. When the calcium ion Ca 2+ is present in the sarcoplasm, troponin causes tropomyosin to move, which allows the myosin heads to attach to the thin filament and muscles to contract.

47. Troponin

48. Smaller, ball shaped protein that is interspaced down the thin filament. Calcium ion (Ca 2+ ) will attach to the troponin. This causes tropomyosin to move, which allows the myosin heads to attach to the thin filament and muscles to contract.

49. Sliding-Filament Mechanism

50. Myosin heads of the thick filaments pull on the thin filaments Thin filaments slide toward the center of the sarcomere. As the thin filaments slide, the I-bands and H-zones become narrower. I-bands and H-zones disappear altogether when maximum contraction is reached The sliding-filament mechanism is how muscles contract.