1. Reproduction

2. Major vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland Labia minora Labia majora
Figure 46.10a
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
(Urinary bladder)
(Pubic bone)
(Rectum)
Urethra
Cervix
Body
Vagina
Glans
Clitoris
Figure Reproductive anatomy of the human female.
Prepuce
Major vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland
Labia minora
Labia majora
Vaginal opening

3. Oviduct Ovaries Follicles Corpus luteum Uterus Uterine wall
Figure 46.10b
Oviduct
Ovaries
Follicles
Corpus luteum
Uterus
Uterine wall
Endometrium
Cervix
Figure Reproductive anatomy of the human female.
Vagina

6. Primary oocyte (present at birth), arrested in prophase of meiosis I
Figure 46.12bb
Primordial germ cell
In embryo
Mitotic divisions 2n
Oogonium
Mitotic divisions
Primary oocyte (present at birth), arrested in prophase of meiosis I 2n
Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II
First polar body n n
Secondary oocyte, arrested at metaphase of meiosis II
Ovulation, sperm entry
Figure Exploring: Human Gametogenesis
Completion of meiosis II
Second polar body n
Fertilized egg n

7. Degenerating corpus luteum
Figure 46.13
(a)
Control by hypothalamus
Inhibited by combination of estradiol and progesterone
Hypothalamus 
Stimulated by high levels of estradiol 1
GnRH 
Anterior pituitary
Inhibited by low levels of estradiol  2
FSH LH
(b)
Pituitary gonadotropins in blood 6 LH
FSH 3
FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow
LH surge triggers ovulation
(c)
Ovarian cycle 7 8
Growing follicle
Corpus luteum
Degenerating corpus luteum
Maturing follicle
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase
Estradiol secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts
Progesterone and estradiol secreted by corpus luteum 4
(d)
Ovarian hormones in blood
Peak causes LH surge (see ) 5 6
Figure The reproductive cycle of the human female. 10
Estradiol 9
Progesterone
Estradiol level very low
Progesterone and estra- diol promote thickening of endometrium
(e)
Uterine (menstrual) cycle
Endometrium
Menstrual flow phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Days 5 10 14 15 20 25 28

8. Control by hypothalamus
Figure 46.13a
(a)
Control by hypothalamus
Inhibited by combination of estradiol and progesterone
Hypothalamus 
Stimulated by high levels of estradiol  1
GnRH
Anterior pituitary
Inhibited by low levels of estradiol  2
FSH LH
Figure The reproductive cycle of the human female.

9. Degenerating corpus luteum
Figure 46.13b
(b)
Pituitary gonadotropins in blood 6 LH
FSH 3
FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow
LH surge triggers ovulation
(c)
Ovarian cycle 7 8
Figure The reproductive cycle of the human female.
Corpus luteum
Degenerating corpus luteum
Growing follicle
Maturing follicle
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase
Days 5 10 14 15 20 25 28

10. Estradiol secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts
Figure 46.13c
Estradiol secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts
Progesterone and estradiol secreted by corpus luteum 4
(d)
Ovarian hormones in blood
Peak causes LH surge (see ) 6 5 10 9
Estradiol
Progesterone
Estradiol level very low
Progesterone and estra- diol promote thickening of endometrium
(e)
Uterine (menstrual) cycle
Figure The reproductive cycle of the human female.
Endometrium
(e)
Menstrual flow phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Days 5 10 14 15 20 25 28

12. (Urinary bladder) Seminal vesicle (Urinary duct) (Rectum) (Pubic bone)
Figure 46.11b
(Urinary bladder)
Seminal vesicle
(Urinary duct)
(Rectum)
(Pubic bone)
Vas deferens
Erectile tissue
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Figure Reproductive anatomy of the human male.
Urethra
Penis
Bulbourethral gland
Vas deferens
Glans
Epididymis
Testis
Prepuce
Scrotum

17. Cross section of seminiferous tubule Secondary spermatocyte
Figure 46.12aa
Epididymis
Seminiferous tubule
Sertoli cell nucleus
Spermato- gonium
Primary spermatocyte
Testis
Cross section of seminiferous tubule
Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatids (two stages)
Figure Exploring: Human Gametogenesis
Sperm cell
Lumen of seminiferous tubule

18. Primordial germ cell in embryo Mitotic divisions
Figure 46.12ab
Primordial germ cell in embryo
Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonial stem cell 2n
Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonium 2n
Mitotic divisions
Primary spermatocyte 2n
Meiosis I
Secondary spermatocyte n n
Meiosis II
Figure Exploring: Human Gametogenesis
Early spermatid n n n n
Differentiation (Sertoli cells provide nutrients)
Sperm cell n n n n

19. Neck Tail Midpiece Head Plasma membrane Acrosome Nucleus Mitochondria
Figure 46.12ac
Neck
Tail
Midpiece
Head
Plasma membrane
Acrosome
Nucleus
Figure Exploring: Human Gametogenesis
Mitochondria

20.  Hypothalamus GnRH   Anterior pituitary FSH LH Negative feedback
Figure 46.14 
Hypothalamus
GnRH  
Anterior pituitary
FSH LH
Negative feedback
Negative feedback
Sertoli cells
Leydig cells
Figure Hormonal control of the testes.
Inhibin
Spermatogenesis
Testosterone
Testis

21. Seminal vesicle (behind bladder)
Figure 46.11a
Seminal vesicle (behind bladder)
(Urinary bladder)
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Urethra
Erectile tissue of penis
Figure Reproductive anatomy of the human male.
Scrotum
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Testis

22. (a) From ovulation to implantation
Figure 46.15 3
Cleavage 4
Cleavage continues
Ovary 2
Fertilization
Uterus 5
Implantation 1
Ovulation
Endometrium
(a) From ovulation to implantation
Figure Formation of the zygote and early postfertilization events.
Endometrium
Inner cell mass
Cavity
Blastocyst
Trophoblast
(b) Implantation of blastocyst

23. Basal body (centriole)
Figure
Basal body (centriole)
Sperm head
Figure 47.3 The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization.
Acrosome
Jelly coat
Vitelline layer
Sperm-binding receptors
Egg plasma membrane

24. Basal body (centriole)
Figure
Basal body (centriole)
Sperm head
Figure 47.3 The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization.
Acrosome
Hydrolytic enzymes
Jelly coat
Vitelline layer
Sperm-binding receptors
Egg plasma membrane

25. Basal body (centriole)
Figure
Sperm nucleus
Acrosomal process
Basal body (centriole)
Actin filament
Sperm head
Figure 47.3 The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization.
Acrosome
Hydrolytic enzymes
Jelly coat
Vitelline layer
Sperm-binding receptors
Egg plasma membrane

26. Basal body (centriole)
Figure
Sperm plasma membrane
Sperm nucleus
Acrosomal process
Basal body (centriole)
Actin filament
Sperm head
Fused plasma membranes
Figure 47.3 The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization.
Acrosome
Hydrolytic enzymes
Jelly coat
Vitelline layer
Sperm-binding receptors
Egg plasma membrane

27. Fertilization envelope
Figure
Sperm plasma membrane
Sperm nucleus
Fertilization envelope
Acrosomal process
Basal body (centriole)
Actin filament
Sperm head
Cortical granule
Fused plasma membranes
Figure 47.3 The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization.
Acrosome
Hydrolytic enzymes
Perivitelline space
Jelly coat
Vitelline layer
Sperm-binding receptors
EGG CYTOPLASM
Egg plasma membrane

28. (a) From ovulation to implantation
Figure 46.15 3
Cleavage 4
Cleavage continues
Ovary 2
Fertilization
Uterus 5
Implantation 1
Ovulation
Endometrium
(a) From ovulation to implantation
Figure Formation of the zygote and early postfertilization events.
Endometrium
Inner cell mass
Cavity
Blastocyst
Trophoblast
(b) Implantation of blastocyst

29. (a) Fertilized egg (b) Four-cell stage (c) Early blastula
Figure 47.6
50 m
(a) Fertilized egg
(b) Four-cell stage
(c) Early blastula
(d) Later blastula
Figure 47.6 Cleavage in an echinoderm embryo.

30. from fetus and mother’s posterior pituitary
Figure 46.18
Estradiol
Oxytocin 
from ovaries
from fetus and mother’s posterior pituitary
Activates oxytocin receptors on uterus
Stimulates uterus to contract
Positive feedback
Stimulates placenta to make 
Prostaglandins
Figure Positive feedback in labor.
Stimulate more contractions of uterus