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THE LATIN VERB The dictionary entry for a verb will give you the following information: - I-form of Present tense - Infinitive (from which the other forms of the Present and also the Imperfect and Future are formed) - I-form of Perfect (from which the other forms of the Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect are formed) - Past Participle (from which the Passive Perfect, Past Perfect and Future Perfect are formed)
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EXAMPLES OF DICTIONARY ENTRIES amō-āre-āv ī -ātumlove moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn videō -ērevīdī visumsee vincō -erevīcī victumconquer audiō-īre-īvī -ītumhear, listen capiō -erecēp ī captumcapture Notice that to save space, some dictionaries do not repeat the letters before the ending if they do not change in the other parts of the verb.
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PRESENT TENSE The endings in nearly all verbs are: –ō (I) –s (you –singular) –t (he/she/it) –mus(we) –tis(you –plural) –nt(they) The endings are normally linked to the verb by the signature vowel for each conjugation
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These endings survive in modern Italian, but with changes The Italian endings are: –o –i –a or e –iamo –ate or ete or ite –ono
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -are amō
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -are amō amās
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amō amās amat
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amō amās amat amāmus
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amō amās amat amāmus amātis
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amō amās amat amāmus amātis amant
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre moneō
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre moneō monēs
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre moneō monēs monet
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre moneō monēs monet monēmus
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre moneō monēs monet monēmus monētis
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre moneō monēs monet monēmus monētis monent
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere regō
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere regō regis
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere regō regis regit
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere regō regis regit regimus
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere regō regis regit regimus regitis
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere regō regis regit regimus regitis regunt
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre audiō
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre audiō audīs
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre audiō audīs audit
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre audiō audīs audit audīmus
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre audiō audīs audit audīmus audītis
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre audiō audīs audit audīmus audītis audiunt
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Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere capiō
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Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere capiō capis
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Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere capiō capis capit
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Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere capiō capis capit capimus
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Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere capiō capis capit capimus capitis
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Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere capiō capis capit capimus capitis capiunt
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PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be) sum
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PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be) sum es
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PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be) sum es est
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PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be) sum es est sumus
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PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be) sum es est sumus estis
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PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be) sum es est sumus estis sunt
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Imperfect Tense Verbs in – āre: -ābam - ābās –ābat –ābāmus - ābātis -ābant Verbs in – ēre and most verbs in – ere: -ēbam - ēbās –ēbat –ēbāmus - ēbātis - ēbant Verbs with –iō ending for I-form in Present (including all with infinitive in –īre and a few with infinitive in –ere) -iēbam - iēbās –iēbat –iēbāmus - iēbātis - iēbant The verb esse has the forms eram erās erat erāmus erātis erant
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābam
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābam amābās
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābam amābās amābat
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābam amābās amābat amābāmus
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābam amābās amābat amābāmus amābātis
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābam amābās amābat amābāmus amābātis amābant
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre monēbam
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in - ēre monēbam monēbās
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in - ēre monēbam monēbās monēbat
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in - ēre monēbam monēbās monēbat monēbāmus
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in - ēre monēbam monēbās monēbat monēbāmus monēbātis
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in - ēre monēbam monēbās monēbat monēbāmus monēbātis monēbant
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regēbam
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regēbam regēbās
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regēbam regēbās regēbat
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regēbam regēbās regēbat regēbāmus
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regēbam regēbās regēbat regēbāmus regēbātis
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regēbam regēbās regēbat regēbāmus regēbātis regēbant
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō capiēbam
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō capiēbam capiēbās
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō capiēbam capiēbās capiēbat
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō capiēbam capiēbās capiēbat capiēbāmus
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō capiēbam capiēbās capiēbat capiēbāmus capiēbātis
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō capiēbam capiēbās capiēbat capiēbāmus capiēbātis capiēbant
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Imperfect Tense – the verb esse eram
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Imperfect Tense – the verb esse eram erās
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Imperfect Tense – the verb esse eram erās erat
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Imperfect Tense – the verb esse eram erās erat erāmus
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Imperfect Tense – the verb esse eram erās erat erāmus erātis
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Imperfect Tense – the verb esse eram erās erat erāmus erātis erant
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Future Tense Verbs in – āre and – ēre use signature vowel plus `b’: -ā/ēbō - ā/ēbis –ā/ēbit –ā/ēbimus - ā/ēbitis -ā/ēbunt Verbs in –ere and -īre add different endings. If they have the ending `-io’ in the present tense (as in the 4th and `3.5th’ group) there is an `i’ before each future ending) -(i)am - (i)ēs –(i)et –(i)ēmus - (i)ētis - (i)ent The verb esse has the forms erō eris erit erimus eritis erunt
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābō
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābō amābis
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābō amābis amābit
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābō amābis amābit amābimus
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābō amābis amābit amābimus amābitis
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābō amābis amābit amābimus amābitis amābunt
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre monēbō
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre monēbō monēbis
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre monēbō monēbis monēbit
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre monēbō monēbis monēbit monēbimus
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre monēbō monēbis monēbit monēbimus monēbitis
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre monēbō monēbis monēbit monēbimus monēbitis monēbunt
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Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regam
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Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regam regēs
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Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regam regēs reget
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Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regam regēs reget regēmus
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Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regam regēs reget regēmus regētis
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Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regam regēs reget regēmus regētis regent
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Future Tense - verbs in –iō capiam
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Future Tense - verbs in –iō capiam capiēs
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Future Tense - verbs in –iō capiam capiēs capiet
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Future Tense - verbs in –iō capiam capiēs capiet capiēmus
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Future Tense - verbs in –iō capiam capiēs capiet capiēmus capiētis
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Future Tense - verbs in –iō capiam capiēs capiet capiēmus capiētis capient
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Future Tense – the verb esse erō
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Future Tense – the verb esse erō eris
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Future Tense – the verb esse erō eris erit
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Future Tense – the verb esse erō eris erit erimus
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Future Tense – the verb esse erō eris erit erimus eritis
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Future Tense – the verb esse erō eris erit erimus eritis erunt
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PERFECT TENSE Formed by the perfect base (seen in the second part of the verb in a dictionary) and the endings: -ī-imus -istī-istis -it-ērunt
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PERFECT OF amō-āre-āvī-ātumlove amāvī
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PERFECT OF amō-āre-āvī-ātumlove amāvī amāvistī
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PERFECT OF amō-āre-āvī-ātumlove amāvī amāvistī amāvit
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PERFECT OF amō-āre-āvī-ātumlove amāvī amāvistī amāvit amāvimus
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PERFECT OF amō-āre-āvī-ātumlove amāvī amāvistī amāvit amāvimus amāvistis
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PERFECT OF amō-āre-āvī-ātumlove amāvī amāvistī amāvit amāvimus amāvistis amāvērunt
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PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monuī
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PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monuī monuistī
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PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monuī monuistī monuit
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PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monuī monuistī monuit monuimus
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PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monuī monuistī monuit monuimus monuistis
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PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monuī monuistī monuit monuimus monuistis monuērunt
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PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīcīvīcī
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vīcī vīcistī
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PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīcī vīcistī vīcit
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PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīcī vīcistī vīcit vīcimus
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PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīcī vīcistī vīcit vīcimus vīcistis
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PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīcī vīcistī vīcit vīcimus vīcistis vīcērunt
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PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīvī
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PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīvī audīvistī
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PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīvī audīvistī audīvit
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PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīvī audīvistī audīvit audīvimus
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PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīvī audīvistī audīvit audīvimus audīvistis
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PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīvī audīvistī audīvit audīvimus audīvistis audīvērunt
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PERFECT OF sum essefuī be fuī
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PERFECT OF sum essefuī be fuī fuistī
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PERFECT OF sum essefuī be fuī fuistī fuit
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PERFECT OF sum essefuī be fuī fuistī fuit fuimus
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PERFECT OF sum essefuī be fuī fuistī fuit fuimus fuistis
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PERFECT OF sum essefuī be fuī fuistī fuit fuimus fuistis fuērunt
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PLUPERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base amō-āre-āvi-ātumlove amāveram
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PAST PERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base amō-āre-āvi-ātumlove amāveram amāverās
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PAST PERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base amō-āre-āvi-ātumlove amāveram amāverās amāverat
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PAST PERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base amō-āre-āvi-ātumlove amāveram amāverās amāverat amāverāmus
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PAST PERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base amō-āre-āvi-ātumlove amāveram amāverās amāverat amāverāmus amāverātis
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PAST PERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base amō-āre-āvi-ātumlove amāveram amāverās amāverat amāverāmus amāverātis amāverant
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PAST PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monueram
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PAST PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -ītumwarn monueram monuerās
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PAST PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monueram monuerās monuerat
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PAST PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monueram monuerās monuerat monuerāmus
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PAST PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monueram monuerās monuerat monuerāmus monuerātis
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PAST PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monueram monuerās monuerat monuerāmus monuerātis monuerant
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PAST PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīceram
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PAST PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīceram vīcerās
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PAST PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīceram vīcerās vīcerat
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PAST PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīceram vīcerās vīcerat vīcerāmus
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PAST PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīceram vīcerās vīcerat vīcerāmus vīcerātis
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PAST PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīceram vīcerās vīcerat vīcerāmus vīcerātis vīcerant
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PAST PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīveram
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PAST PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīveram audīverās
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PAST PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīveram audīverās audīverat
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PAST PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīveram audīverās audīverat audīverāmus
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PAST PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīveram audīverās audīverat audīverāmus audīverātis
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PAST PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīveram audīverās audīverat audīverāmus audīverātis audīverant
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PAST PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fueram
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PAST PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fueram fuerās
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PAST PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fueram fuerās fuerat
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PAST PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fueram fuerās fuerat fuerāmus
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PAST PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fueram fuerās fuerat fuerāmus fuerātis
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PAST PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fueram fuerās fuerat fuerāmus fuerātis fuerant
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FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō-āre-āvi-ātumlove amāverō
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FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō-āre-āvi-ātumlove amāverō amāveris
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FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō-āre-āvi-ātumlove amāverō amāveris amāverit
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FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō-āre-āvi-ātumlove amāverō amāveris amāverit amāverimus
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FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō-āre-āvi-ātumlove amāverō amāveris amāverit amāverimus amāveritis
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FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō-āre-āvi-ātumlove amāverō amāveris amāverit amāverimus amāveritis amāverint
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FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monuerō
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FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monuerō monueris
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FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monuerō monueris monuerit
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FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monuerō monueris monuerit monuerimus
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FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monuerō monueris monuerit monuerimus monueritis
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FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn monuerō monueris monuerit monuerimus monueritis monuerint
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FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīcerō
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FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīcerō vīceris
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FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīcerō vīceris vīcerit
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FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīcerō vīceris vīcerit vīcerimus
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FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīcerō vīceris vīcerit vīcerimus vīceritis vīcerint
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FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -erevīcī victumconquer vīcerō vīceris vīcerit vīcerimus vīceritis vīcerint
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FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīverō
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FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīverō audīveris
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FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīverō audīveris audīverit
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FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīverō audīveris audīverit audīverimus
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FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīverō audīveris audīverit audīverimus audīveritis
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FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre-īvī -ītum hear audīverō audīveris audīverit audīverimus audīveritis audīverint
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FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuerō
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FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuerō fueris
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FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuerō fueris fuerit
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FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuerō fueris fuerit fuerimus
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FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuerō fueris fuerit fuerimus fueritis
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FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuerō fueris fuerit fuerimus fueritis fuerint
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