1. Latin Grammar for Second Year Students Contents Nounspages 2-3 Adjectivespages 4-5 Comparison of Adj.pages 6-7 Pronounspages 8-11 Verbalspages 12-13 Sequence of Tensespage 14 Regular Verbspages 15-16 Subjunctivepage 17 Verb Chartspages 18-21 Irregular Verbspages 22-27 Questions/And page 28 Grammar Termspages 29-31

2. 2 Nouns * Declension:_________________________________________________ *How do you identify the declension of a noun? __________________ _________________________________________________________ *How do you find the root of a noun? ___________________________ Cases and Uses of Nouns: Case namesUsesTranslations Nominative 1. 2. 3. Genitive 1. 2. 3. Dative 1. 2. Accusative 1. 2. Ablative 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Vocative 1.

3. 3 Chart of Noun Declension Endings CaseTranslI f/m II m II n III m/f III n IV m/f IV n V f/m Exceptions in the 1 st declension: 3 rd Declension I- stem rules: 1. 2. 3. 4. 2 nd Declension Vocative Case: 3 rd declension vis, vis

4. 4 Adjectives Adjectives describe nouns. Some nouns are masculine, others feminine, and the rest neuter. Because of this adjectives must have all three genders. Adjectives belong to either the … 2-1-2 declension or the 3 rd declension What is “termination?” How do you find the root word of an adjective? Where are adjectives located in relation to the nouns they describe? Exceptions are: In what 3 ways do nouns and adjectives agree? 1. 2. 3. What are the 9 Special –ius genitive adjectives? What endings do they use? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

5. 5 Adjectives 2-1-2: 3 rd Declension: Special –ius Genitive Adjective Endings: CasesMFNMFN MFNMFN MFNMFN

6. 6 Comparison of Adjectives There are three degrees in the comparison of adjectives: the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. PositiveComparativeSuperlative longus, longa, longum fortis, forte felix, (gen. felicis) sapiens, (gen. sapientis) facilis, -e liber, libera, liberum pulcher, pulchra, -chrum acer, acris, acre bonus, bona, bonum magnus, -a, -um malus, -a, -um multus, -a, -um parvus, -a, -um (prae, pro) superus, -a, -um 6 “-lis > -llimus adjectives” “-er>-rrimus adjectives” *quam + comparative *quam + superlative

7. 7 Comparison of Adverbs There are three degrees in the comparison of adverbs: the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. PositiveComparativeSuperlative longe fortiter feliciter sapienter facile libere pulchre acriter bene magnopere male multum parum (prae, pro) diu *quam + Comparative *quam + Superlative

8. 8 Pronouns Personal:Reflexive: Possessive/Reflexive Possessive: IYouWeYou all IYouWeYou all He/ They

9. 9 Case Endings MFNMFN Case Endings MFNMFN Intensive Pronoun: ipse, ipsa, ipsum Endings commonly used with pronouns found in the upcoming pages

10. 10 Demonstrative Pronouns Weak Demonstrative: Idem, eadem, idem CasesMFNMFN MFNMFN

11. 11 Demonstrative Pronouns ille, illa, illud iste, ista, istud hic, haec, hoc CasesMFNMFN MFNMFN MFNMFN

12. 12 More Pronouns Relative: Interrogative: CasesMFNMFN MFNMFN Relative Pronoun Notes:

13. 13 Question Words 4 ways to say “and” 1. 2. 3. 4.

14. 14 Verbals: Participles and the Gerundive Participle Forms: Uses:

15. 15 Verbals: Infinitives Infinitive forms: Uses:

16. 16 SEQUENCE OF TENSES

17. 17 Verbs: *Conjugation:________________________________________________ *Conjugate: ________________________________________________ *How do you identify the conjugation of a verb? *What are principal parts? *How do you find the root word of a verb? *Subject – Verb Agreement: *Verbs have 5 characteristics: 1.person a. b. c. 2.number a. b. 3.tense a. b. c. d. e. f. 4.voice a. b. 5.mood a. b. c. *d. FUTURE TENSE POEM: In conjugations 1 and 2, in the future __________________, In conjugations 4 and 3, In the future, _______________.

18. 18 Verbs: *What is an infinitive? *What is the Imperative? *Poem for the irregular imperatives *What are the three sets of verb endings? *Indicative Tense Indicators *Subjunctive Tense Indicators Imperfect Future Pluperfect Future Perfect Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect

19. 19 The Subjunctive Mood: *What is the Subjunctive? *What are the Uses of the Subjunctive? UseDefinitionRecognitionTranslation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

20. 20 VERB CHARTS (ACTIVE INDICATIVE) PRESENT TENSE= 1 st conj.2 nd conj.3 rd conj.3 rd conj. –io4 th conj. RULES: IMPERFECT TENSE= RULES: FUTURE TENSE= RULES: PERFECT TENSE= RULE: PLUPERFECT TENSE= RULE: FUTURE PERFECT TENSE= RULE:

21. 21 VERB CHARTS (PASSIVE INDICATIVE) PRESENT TENSE= 1 st conj.2 nd conj.3 rd conj.3 rd conj. –io4 th conj. RULES: IMPERFECT TENSE= RULES: FUTURE TENSE= RULES: PERFECT TENSE= RULE: PLUPERFECT TENSE= RULE: FUTURE PERFECT TENSE= RULE:

22. 22 VERB CHARTS (ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE) PRESENT TENSE= 1 st conj.2 nd conj.3 rd conj.3 rd conj. –io4 th conj. RULES: IMPERFECT TENSE= RULES: PERFECT TENSE= RULE: PLUPERFECT TENSE= RULE:

23. 23 VERB CHARTS (PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE) PRESENT TENSE= 1 st conj.2 nd conj.3 rd conj.3 rd conj. –io4 th conj. RULES: IMPERFECT TENSE= RULES: PERFECT TENSE= RULE: PLUPERFECT TENSE= RULE:

24. 24 Irregular Verbs: the Indicative Mood [These do not have a passive voice.] Present Tense of sum, esse, fui, futurus Present Tense of possum, posse, potui Imperfect Tense of sum, esse, fui, futurus Future Tense of sum, esse, fui, futurus Imperfect Tense of possum, posse, potui Future Tense of possum, posse, potui Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tenses follow the Rules. Sum and Predicate nouns/adj.: Possum and the Complementary Infinitive:

25. 25 Present Tense of sum, esse, fui Present Tense of possum, posse, potui Imperfect Tense of sum, esse, fui Perfect Tense of sum, esse, fui Imperfect Tense possum, posse, potui Perfect Tense possum, posse, potui Pluperfect Tense of sum, esse, fui Pluperfect Tense possum, posse, potui Irregular Verbs: the Subjunctive Mood [These do not have a passive voice.]

26. 26 More Irregular Verbs: Indicative Present Tense of volo, velle, volui Imperfect Tense volo, velle, volui Future Tense volo, velle, volui Present Tense of nolo, nolle, nolui Imperfect Tense nolo, nolle, nolui Future Tense nolo, nolle, nolui Present Tense of malo, malle, malui Imperfect Tense malo, malle, malui Future Tense malo, malle, malui Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect

27. 27 Present Tense of volo, velle, volui Present Tense of nolo, nolle, nolui Imperfect Tense of volo, velle, volui Perfect Tense of volo, velle, volui Imperfect Tense nolo, nolle, nolui Perfect Tense nolo, nolle, nolui Present Tense of malo, malle, malui Imperfect Tense malo, malle, malui Perfect Tense malo, malle, malui Pluperfect Tense of volo, velle, volui Pluperfect Tense nolo, nolle, nolui Pluperfect Tense malo, malle, malui More Irregular Verbs: the Subjunctive Mood [These do not have a passive voice.]

28. 28 Present Tense Imperfect Tense Future Tense Imperfect Tense Future Tense Perfect Tense The Indicative Mood of fero, ferre, tuli, latus Active:Passive: Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense

29. 29 Present Tense Imperfect Tense Perfect Tense Imperfect Tense Perfect Tense Pluperfect Tense The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD of fero, ferre, tuli, latus Active:Passive:

30. 30 Grammar Terms: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

31. 31 Grammar Terms: 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.