1. Chapters 28 and 29 Imperfect & Pluperfect Active Subjunctives
Passive Subjunctives
Using the subjunctive and Tenses (Independent uses)
Sequence of Tenses (Dependent uses)
Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Adverbial)
Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses)

2. 1. The Subjunctive person number tense voice mood 1st 2nd 3rd singular
plural
present
imperfect
future
perfect
pluperfect
future perfect
active
passive
indicative
subjunctive
imperative
infinitive
participle

3. 1. Imperfect Active Subjunctive
More forms!!!
Imperfect Active Subjunctive = Present Active Infinitive + standard endings

4. 1. The Imperfect Active Subjunctive…
amārem
amārēs
amāret
amārēmus
amārētis
amārent
monērem
monērēs
monēret
monērēmus
monērētis
monērent
vincerem
vincerēs
vinceret
vincerēmus
vincerētis
vincerent
caperem
caperēs
caperet
caperēmus
caperētis
caperent
audīrem
audīrēs
audīret
audīrēmus
audīrētis
audīrent
Remember:
Imperfect Active Subjunctive = Present Active Infinitive + standard endings

5. 1. Pluperfect Active Subjunctive
More forms!!!
Pluperfect Active Subjunctive = Perfect Active Infinitive + standard endings

6. 1. The Pluperfect Active Subjunctive
amāvissem
amāvissēs
amāvisset
amāvissēmus
amāvissētis
amāvissent
monuissem
monuissēs
monuisset
monuissēmus
monuissētis
monuissent
vīcissem
vīcissēs
vīcisset
vīcissēmus
vīcissētis
vīcissent
audīvissem
audīvissēs
audīvisset
audīvissēmus
audīvissētis
audīvissent
Remember:
Pluperfect Active Subjunctive = Perfect Active Infinitive + standard endings

7. 1. Subjunctive of Sum Good news!
Sum, esse does nothing strange in the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives.
Take the proper infinitive and stick on the standard endings, just like any other verb.
See §111 on pg. 222 for the table of forms for sum, esse.

8. 2. Present Passive Subjunctive
Building on what you know
Present Passive Subjunctive= Present Stem with proper present subjunctive stem vowel* + standard passive endings
*Subjunctive Stem Vowel Mnemonics:
We beat a giant liar
She wears a diamond tiara
Clem steams clams in Siam
See pg. 233 for chart

9. 2. Imperfect Passive Subjunctive
Imperfect Passive Subjunctive = Present Active Infinitive + standard passive endings
See pg. 234 for chart

10. 2. Perfect Passive Subjunctive
Perfect Passive Subjunctive = Fourth Principle Part + present subjunctive of sum
amātus
sim
sīs
sit
Etc.
See pg. 234 for chart
The perfect passive is already associated with the present of sum, since the perfect passive indicative uses the present indicative of sum.

11. 2. Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive
Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive = Fourth Principle Part + imperfect subjunctive of sum
amātus
essem
essēs
esset
Etc.
See pg. 234 for chart
The pluperfect passive is already associated with the imperfect of sum, since the pluperfect passive indicative uses the imperfect indicative of sum.

12. That’s it! We’re done! Well, in terms of forms: mostly yes.
But overall use of the subjunctive: no. 
On to when to use these various tenses and using subjunctives in dependent clauses.

13. 3. Subjunctives and Tenses (Independent uses)
Use/Tense of the Subjunctive
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Plupefect
Hortatory
Eāmus.
Let’s go.
Jussive
Eat.
Let him go.
Īret.
He should’ve gone.
Nē īerīs.
Don’t go.
Optative
Utinam eant.
I wish they would go (in the future).
Utinam īrent.
I wish they were going (now).
Utinam īssent.
I wish they had gone (in the past).
Deliberative
Maneam an abeam?*
īrem?
Should I have gone?
*You too can turn Clash song titles into Latin.

14. 4. Sequence of Tenses Tense of Main Verb Relation to Primary tenses:
Find your main verb tense in the top row, then go down to find the proper subjunctive to show actions contemporaneous/after or before.
Tense of
Main Verb
Relation to
Primary tenses:
Present
Future
Future Perfect
Perfect
Secondary Tenses:
Imperfect
Pluperfect
Contemporaneous or After
Before

15. 5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Uses
Purpose - answers “Why?” or “For what purpose?”
Purpose clauses (in order to do something) are generally introduced by ut or utī.
Negative purpose (in order that something not happen) clauses are introduced by nē.
Since a purpose clause generally refers to a contemporaneous/after action, the present and the imperfect subjunctives are most commonly used.
Examples:
Hoc dīcit ut eōs iuvet. He says this in order to help them.
Librōs lēgīmus ut multa discerēmus. We read books so that we would learn many things.

16. 5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Uses
Result – answers “So that what?” or “With what result?”
Result clauses generally introduced by ut or utī. The negative is introduced by ut nōn (or: nihil, nēmō, numquam, or nūllus, -a, -um).
Expresses the result of some condition.
Don’t always follow sequence of tenses rules. Argh! Exceptions! (See example below)
Sign post words i.e. ita; sīc; tālis, -e; tantus, -a, -um; tam; etc.
Examples:
Tanta fēcit ut urbem servāret. He did such great things that he saved the city.
Vulnus tantum erat ut perīerit. The wound was so great that he died. (Perfect subjunctive used for emphasizing the result.)

17. 5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Uses
Circumstance, Cause, Concessions – a.k.a. cum clauses
Generally introduced by cum. A nōn is used with the verb for negation.
Cum + indicative (Ch. 18) = specific time
Cum + subjunctive = situation or circumstances under which an action occurred.
Examples:
“cum circumstantial:” cum manērem rūrī, accēpī tuās litterās. When I was remaining in the country, I received your letters.
“cum causal:” id nōn est difficile cum tantum copiīs valeāmus. It is not difficult since we are so strong in troops.
“cum concessive:” Cēnam parāvit cum aegra fuisset. She prepared dinner although she had been sick.

18. 5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Examples
BRH 135
Tenē mē nē fugiam. Et revocā mē ad dominum meum Viventium in areā Callistī.
Revocā: (1st conj. Imperative) to bring back
Viventius: the master’s name
In areā Callistī: in the plaza of Callistus
From a slave’s collar

19. 5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Examples

20. 5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Examples
From a bath house at Ostia:
BRH 131
Ut bene cacāret, ventrem palpāvit Solōn.
Cacō (1st): to defecate
Ventrem: venter, ventris – stomach
Solōn: nom. sing. 6th cent. Athenian statesman

21. 6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses)
You already know that dependent clauses can be the objects of verb. Hence indirect statement, objective infinitives, relative clauses used as nouns (see chs. 22, 21, and 19 respectively)
Dependent clauses can operate in a similar manner. They can be used in the following constructions:
Indirect questions
Indirect commands
Substantive result clauses
Identification of these various uses is based on the words that introduce the clause.
Translation of the Latin subjunctive generally does not result in using a subjunctive in English.

22. 6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses)
Indirect questions
What to look for: main verb of speaking, asking, telling, etc and a question word (who, what, where, when, why, how, etc)
Follow sequence of tenses
Except for future which is future participle + present (primary tense MV) or imperfect (secondary tense MV) of sum
Rogābō quid
faciat
he is doing.
Same time
fēcerit
he did.
Before
factūrus sit
he will do.
After
Rogāveram quid
faceret
he was doing.
fēcisset
he had done.
factūrus esset
he would do.

23. 6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses)
Indirect commands
What to look for: main verb of speaking, asking, telling, etc and ut or nē
Follow sequence of tenses
Iubeō, vetō, and cupiō take objective infinitives and not subjunctives
Usually translated by an infinitive in English
Compare:
Hoc facite!
Hoc faciant.
Persuādet eīs ut hoc faciant.
Persuāsit eīs ut hoc facerent.

24. 6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses)
Noun Result/Substantive Result Clause
What to look for: often main verb of doing, making, completing, and accomplishing and then ut or ut nōn for the negative
Follow sequence of tenses
Examples:
Perfēcī ut ē rēgnō ille discēderet. I brought it about that that man departed from the kingdom.
Efficiam ut omnēs intellegant. I will make them all understand.
Note that the English translation does not always mirror the clauses of the Latin. See the difference between the examples.

25. 6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses) – Examples
BRH 148
From a fragmentary tombstone.
Hōc qui scire cupis iaceant quae membra <in> sepulcrō, discēs dum relegās hōs modo versiculōs.
Membrum, -ī, N: limb
Sepulcrum, -ī, N: tomb
Dum...modo: provided that
Relego, relegere: to read again
Versiculus, -ī, M: little verse

26. 6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses) – Examples

27. 6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses) – Examples
Again from the Baths of the Seven Sages at Ostia
BRH 150:
Dūrum cacantes monuit ut nitant Thales.
Thales: nom. sing. A thinker from Miletus
Nitor, nitī, nixus sum: to strain oneself
Note that the author forgot/did not know that this was a deponent verb. Also is nitant the correct tense?