1. TANGENTS: TENSE, ASPECT, VOICE & MOOD Lec. 7

2. OBJECTIVES Learn to distinguish the various tense, aspect, voice, and mood properties of English. Learn to identify the modals and auxiliaries that represent these distinctions.

3. 1. TENSE Tense refers to the time of an event relative to the time at which the sentence is either spoken or written. E.g. John left The act that John left happened before the time of writing or saying this sentence

4. TENSE E = the time at which the event occurred U = the time of the utterance or writing a.Past tense: E < U John danced b. Present tense: E = U He likes ice cream c. Future tense: U < E He will eat dinner

5. TENSE In English, tense is marked with an –ed suffix or the verb comes with a special past tense form. The present tense is either unmarked (for first or second person or plural subjects) or marked with an –s suffix. In formal speech, the future is marked with the modal auxiliary will. In less formal speech, the auxiliary gonna (or going to) is used.

6. EXERCISE I Identify whether the following sentences are in the past, present, or future tense by circling the correct answer: FuturePresentPast The parakeet flew home Calvin loves snow cones Otto drank the tuna juice Reggie will wake everyone up Andrew brushed the cat I eat too much

7. NOTATION TENSE itself is a value of the feature SEM (for semantics). We use the following features to represent the following tenses: 1.[SEM [TENSE past]] 2.[SEM [TENSE present ]] 3.[SEM [ TENSE future]]

8. 2. PERFECT ASPECT While TESNE is defined by looking at the relationship between the time of the event and the time of the utterance or writing, ASPECT is defined by making reference to some other point, typically other than the speech time, then looking at when the event happens relative to that reference point. E.g. John had eaten his sandwich before I could get him his pickle.  reference point The perfect happens when the time of the event (E) occurs before some referent point (R). So the perfect E < R

9. DEFINITION The perfect is always indicated in English by using the auxiliary or helping verb have (has or had) combined with a special form of the main verb known as the participle. The participle in English can be formed four ways: 1.By attaching an –en or –n suffix: eat → eaten, fall → fallen 2.By attaching an –ed suffix: dance → danced, love → loved 3.By using a special participle form: drink → drunk, sing → sung 4.By making no change at all: hit → hit

10. DEFINITION We can tell the difference between a participle and a past tense by the fact that the participle always appears with an auxiliary verb like be, have or their variants E.g. He danced → past He has danced → participle / perfect aspect To identify the perfect, we need to look for two things 1. an auxiliary has/ have/ had 2. a participle The Perfect Formula = HAVE + PARTICPLE

11. EXERCISE II Underline the verb & auxiliary marking the perfect I was driving into Tuscon to buy some tortillas, when I noticed that my car was nearly out of gas. I was surprised because I had filled the tank yesterday. I had driven all over town. However, I hadn’t gone that far.

12. DISCUSSION THE PERFECT ASPECT CAN BE COMBINED WITH EACH OF THE TENSES E.g. I had eaten the beef waffles ASPECT: perfect (had + eaten) TENSE: past (had) Past perfect: E < R < U

13. DISCUSSION THE PERFECT ASPECT CAN BE COMBINED WITH EACH OF THE TENSES E.g. I have eaten the beef waffles ASPECT: perfect (has + eaten) TENSE: present (have) Present perfect: E < R=U

14. DISCUSSION THE PERFECT ASPECT CAN BE COMBINED WITH EACH OF THE TENSES E.g. I will have eaten the beef waffles ASPECT: future perfect (will + have + eaten) TENSE: future (will) Present perfect: U < E=R

15. DEFINITION The opposite of perfect is imperfect

16. EXERCISE III ASPECTTENSE Perfect / imperfectPast – Present – FutureSusan has danced already1 Perfect / imperfectPast – Present – FutureCalvin will have slept already2 Perfect / imperfectPast – Present – FutureHeidi danced yesterday3 Perfect / imperfectPast – Present – FutureArt had danced yesterday4 Perfect / imperfectPast – Present – FutureCalvin will sleep all day5 Perfect / imperfectPast – Present – FutureArt drinks virgin Margarita6 Perfect / imperfectPast – Present – FutureDave will drink virgin margarita7 Perfect / imperfectPast – Present – FutureDan had drunk virgin Margareta8 Perfect / imperfectPast – Present – FutureI have never eaten beef waffles9

17. 3. PROGRESSIVE ASPECT The progressive aspect indicates an on-going event relative to the reference time. E.g. Jeff was dancing with Sylvia, while Amy sat angrily at their table. There is co-occurrence between the reference time & and the time of dancing In English, the progressive aspect is always indicated by combining what is traditionally called the present participle form of the verb with some version of the auxiliary verb be. Present participles in English are always marked with –ing. Present participles will be referred to as gerunds

18. 3. PROGRESSIVE ASPECT NAME USED IN THIS BOOKTRADITIONAL NAMEFORM gerundPresent participleends in -ing ParticiplePast participleends in -en

19. 3. PROGRESSIVE ASPECT FUTUREPRESENTPAST pluralsingularpluralsingular aream were was1 st will be arewere2 nd iswas3rd

20. 3. PROGRESSIVE ASPECT Like the perfect, the tense marking in progressive is typically indicated on the auxiliary. The progressive aspect is always presented in English by the pairing of the gerund with be. The Progressive Formula = BE+ GERUND

21. DISCUSSION E.g. 1.I was eating the beef waffles ASPECT: progressive (was + eating) TENSE: past (was) 2. I am eating the beef waffles ASPECT: progressive (am + eating) TENSE: present (am) 3. I will be eating beef waffles ASPECT: progressive (be + eating) TENSE: future (will)

22. EXERCISE IV ASPECTTENSE Perfect / Imp. Prog. / Non-Prog.Past – Present – FutureCalvin is sleeping on the top of the fridge 1 Perfect / Imp. Prog. / Non-Prog.Past – Present – FutureOtto grabbed at the passing stick2 Perfect / Imp. Prog. / Non-Prog.Past – Present – FutureHeidi will be grading her papers3 Perfect / Imp. Prog. / Non-Prog.Past – Present – FutureArt has pulled the outer wall4 Perfect / Imp. Prog. / Non-Prog.Past – Present – FutureAndrew will eat the beef waffles5 Perfect / Imp. Prog. / Non-Prog.Past – Present – FutureJean was driving to her daughter’s house 6 Perfect / Imp. Prog. / Non-Prog.Past – Present – FutureJean had driven to her daughter’s house 7

23. 4. VOICE Voice refers to a phenomenon that changes the number of participants that are described in an event. E.g. Eat Calvin ate the beef waffles Calvin  eater DP / External Feature The beef waffles  the eatee DP / Internal Feature In a passive The beef waffles were eaten

24. EXERCISE 5 PassiveActive Calvin ate the mouse1 The retaining wall was torn down2 Otto drank the tuna juice3 Dave played the game4 Arte tore doen the retaining wall5 The game will be played6

25. 5. COMBINED TENSE, ASPECT & VOICE Participle (-en)havePerfect aspect Gerund (-ing)beProgressive aspect Participle (-en)bePassive voice

26. 5. COMBINED TENSE, ASPECT & VOICE It is possible to combine the three rows to form complex verb forms E.g. The soup had been being eaten past perfect progressive passive PAST: PERFCET: PROGRESSIVE: PASSIVE:

27. 5. COMBINED TENSE, ASPECT & VOICE E.g. The soup will have been being eaten PAST: PERFCET: PROGRESSIVE: PASSIVE:

28. EXERCISE 8 Voice Active – Passive Aspect 2 Progressive / non- progressive Aspect 1 Perfect / Imperfect Tense Past /Present / Future Active – PassiveProgressive / non- progressive Perfect / ImperfectPast /Present / FuturePangur was being massaged Active – PassiveProgressive / non- progressive Perfect / ImperfectPast /Present / FutureSurrey will have been adopted Active – PassiveProgressive / non- progressive Perfect / ImperfectPast /Present / FutureCalvin is eating the tune Active – PassiveProgressive / non- progressive Perfect / ImperfectPast /Present / FutureThe tuna has been eaten Active – PassiveProgressive / non- progressive Perfect / ImperfectPast /Present / FutureCalvin has been eating the tuna Active – PassiveProgressive / non- progressive Perfect / ImperfectPast /Present / FutureThe wall had been torn down

29. NOTATION Possible ValuesFeature Tense Aspect Voice SEM Past Present Future TENSE +Perfect +Progressive ASPECT passive +VOICE Possibility Probability Necessity Obligation MOOD

30. 9. MOOD Mood refers to the speaker’s perspective on the event; whether the event is a possibility, a probability, a necessity, or an obligation. Mood is expressed through modal auxiliary verbs Mood can also be expressed through adjectives (it is possible that), other auxiliaries or verbs (Calivn has to eat his tune), or adverbs (possibly John will leave) The modals of English: can, could, may, might, would, shall, should, must

31. NOTATION We use one more SEM feature to indicate MOOD. MOOD has the following values: Possibility Probability Necessity Obligation

32. CONVERGENCE OF TENSE WITH SEMANTIC FEATURES TENSE VOICEASPECTMOOD