1. Section 1- Byzantine Empire
Chapter 9
Section 1- Byzantine Empire

2. Constantinople Who: Romans & Byzantines, Constantine
What: capital city of the Byzantine Empire
Where: in between Black & Mediterranean Seas & Asia / Europe; Byzantine Empire
When:
Why: the city had an excellent harbor, was guarded on 3 sides by water; Emperors built an elaborate system of walls to protect the city; was the center of key trade routes that linked Asia & Europe; was the connecting point of 2 main seas & 2 continents = everyone wanted it = war

3. Constantinople Who: Romans, Byzantines, Constantine
What: capital of the Byzantine Empire
Where: In b/n Black & Med seas; in b/n Asia & Europe; Byzantine Empire, ME
When:
Why: Constantine named the capital of the Byzantine Empire after himself; vital center of the Byzantine Empire; heavily fortified city; key trading & business center- linked trade routes from Asia to Europe; reminder of Roman heritage

4. Justinian (6th) Who: Byzantine Emperor
What: leader that wanted to revive ancient Rome by recovering lands that had been lost
Where: Byzantine Empire
When:
Why: was unsuccessful in recovering land; after the riots he rebuilt the Empire & his great triumph was the Hagia Sophia; reformed the law (Justinian’s Code); ruled as an autocrat w. complete control

5. Justinian Who: Emperor of Byzantine Empire
What: was determined to revive Ancient Rome by recovering land that was taken by Germanic invaders when Rome fell
Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire
When:
Why: The Byzantine reached its peak in power under his reign; he lost the land he attempted to gain back; his great triumph was rebuilding Hagia Sophia; reformed the law (Justinian’s code); ruled as an autocrat; ruled the church- Christ’s co-ruler on earth; his wife Theodora helped him rule

6. 313- Constantine made Christianity the legal religion & rebuilt Constantinople
527- Justinian becomes ruler of the Byzantine Empire
532- riots & fires swept Constantinople making Justinian want to rebuild
600s-700s Arab armies gained control of the Western World
700s- Byzantine emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons
1054*- controversies led to the Great Schism/split of the Christian church into 2: Greek Orthodox & Catholic
1090- Byzantine Emperor called for help from the West to fight off the Seljuk Turks who were invading
1100s- Justinian’s Code had reached Europe; the Byzantine Empire flourished
1453*- the Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople, took over, & est. the Ottoman Empire; the Byz. Emp was no more

7. 313- Constantine makes Christianity the official religion of Byz Emp
: the peak of the Byzantine Empire under the rule of Justinian
: Arab armies gradually gained control of the Mediterranean
700s- Byzantine emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons
1054*- controversies led to the Great Schism/split of the Christian church into 2: Greek Orthodox & Catholic
1090- Byzantine Emperor called for help from the West to fight off the Seljuk Turks who were invading
1100s- Justinian’s Code had reached Europe; the Byzantine Empire flourished
1453*- the Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople, took over, & est. the Ottoman Empire; the Byz. Emp was no more

8. Justinian’s Code (6th) Who: Byzantines, Justinian
What: a collection of laws, Corpus Juris Civilis “Body of Civil Law”, that included laws passed by Roman assemblies or Emperors, and legal writings of Roman judges; law code of Byzantine Empire
Where: Eastern Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire
When: 500s-1100s
Why:

9. Justinian’s code Who: Romans, Byzantines, Justinian
What: a massive collection that included laws by Roman assemblies & legal writings of Roman judges; Body of Civil Law for the Byzantine Empire
Where: Byzantine Empire; Eastern Roman Empire
When: 500s- 1100s
Why: this law code impacted WE in that they modeled their laws on this & it helped to strengthen & centralize their power; led to legal thinkers creating international law; Justinian used this to unify his power under one central power

10. Autocrat Who: Justinian What: a sole ruler with complete authority
WherE: Byzantine Empire
When: 500s- 1100s
Why: Justinian used the law to unify the Empire under his control; ruler of both political & religious spheres

11. Autocrat (6th) Who: Justinian What: Sole ruler w. complete authority
Where: Byzantine Empire
When: 500s-1100s
Why: combined both political power & spiritual authority; had control of the church as well as the gov’t

12. Theodora Who: Justinian’s wife
What: she was an advisor & co-ruler to the emperor Justinian
Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire
When:
Why: she constantly challenged the Emperor’s authority to pursue her own authority- she convinced him to stay in Constantinople when it was under siege; very good politician

13. Theodora (6th) Who: Justinian’s wife
What: advised her husband & pursued her own policies; was a shrewd politician
Where: Byzantine Empire
When:
Why: she helped her husband become a better ruler; she forced Justinian to stay in Constantinople during the riots of 532- he then rebuilt into a great empire after

14. Patriarch Who: Emperor & Church official
What: pious church official in the Byzantine Empire; leader of the Eastern Orthodox church
Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire
When:
Why: Different from WE’s Catholic church- could marry & didn’t have complete control like the Pope; he controlled church affairs & was the highest church official

15. Patriarch (6th)
Who: Byzantine Emperor & ruler of the Eastern Orthodox church
WhaT: highest church official of the Eastern Orthodox church in Constantinople
Where: Byzantine Empire
When:
Why: the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire would appoint a leader right under him that would help the Emperor make decisions about the church; this leader was similar to the Catholic Pope in the West except he could marry & didn’t have complete control

16. Icons Who: Byzantine Christians & Emperor What: holy images
Where: Eastern Europe & Byzantine Empire
When:
Why: many Byzantine Christians used these images of Jesus, Mary & the saints in their worship; in the 700s a Byzantine Emperor outlawed the use of these icons b.c. it violated God’s commandment agnst worshipping; this was one of the main reasons for the Great Schism b.n Catholic & Orthodox Christianity- Catholics were ok, Orthodox said no

17. Icons (6th) Who: Christians
What: a dispute over holy images contributed to the Great Schism / split
Where: Byzantine Empire
When: s
Why: many Byzantine Christians worshipped holy images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints; the Byzantine Emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons b.c. it violated God’s command against worshipping = one of the main disputes of the Great Schism

18. Icons (7th) Who: Byzantine Christians
What: holy images portraying Jesus, Mary, & saints
Where: Byzantine Empire
When: 700s- 1000s
Why: Christians used these in church to show their religious devotion; Byzantine Emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons b.c. it violated God’s command against worshipping = one of the main disputes of the Great Schism

19. Great Schism Who: Eastern & Western Roman Christians
What: a split b.n the Eastern & Western churches into 2 different Christian churches
WherE: Byzantine Empire & Western Europe
When: 1054*
Why: controversies b.n the 2 empires led to a split in the churches & the way they worshipped- Roman Catholic (West) & Greek Orthodox (East) ; they became rival Christian churches instead of branches

20. Great Schism (6th) Who: Christians
What: a controversy over certain characteristics in the church led to the split/schism of the Christian( Catholic) church into 2 parts
Where: Western Europe (West) & Byzantine Empire (East)
When: 1054*
Why: this split led to 2 diff Christian churches- Roman Catholic (West) & Greek Orthodox (East); controversy over things like use of icons, priests marrying, & what language to use

21. Great Schism (7th) Who: Byzantine Christians & Western Christians
What: a religious split where the Byz Emp (East) & West. Europe (West) split into 2 types of Christianity
Where: Byzantine Empire & Western Europe
When: 1054*
Why: this split was over controversies in the church such as the use of icons, marriage of priests, & what language to use; it led to 2 diff churches: Byzantine (East)- Greek Orthodox & West Europe- Roman Catholic

22. Quiz
1. Identify Justinian’s code.
2. Give an effect of Justinian.
3. Who was Theodora?
4. Identify the Great Schism.
5. What 2 religions came about from #4?

23. Russia
Section 2

24. Steppe Who: Nomadic peoples, peoples from Russia
What: an open, treeless grassland
Where: Russia
When: 500s-600s
Why: it offered splendid pasture for the herds & horses of nomadic peoples; nomads traveled on this land & it provided easy land to migrate from one place to another; they were able to travel from Russia to Byzantine to WE

25. Steppe Who: Asians, Europeans, & nomadic peoples
What: open grassland b/n Asia & Europe
Where: Asia to Europe
When:
Why: offered splendid pasture for the herds & horses of the nomadic ppls; nomads traveled on this land & it provided easy land to migrate from one place to another; they were able to travel from Russia to Byzantine to WE

26. Kiev (3rd) Who: Slavic peoples, Vikings, & Russians
What: the capital of present-day Ukraine, center of the first Russian state
Where: Ukraine, Eastern Europe
When: 500s- today
Why: this city’s culture & growth were a result of the mixing of the Vikings & Slavs; Vladimir made Orthodox Christianity the official religion= Russia adopted aspects of Byz culture; Kiev gained strength under Vladimir- the Russian ruler controlled the church too

27. Kiev Who: Russians, Slavic peoples
What: capital of present-day Ukraine, was the center of the 1st Russian state
Where: Russia
When: 500s-600s
Why: Slavic peoples lived here in 700s/800s; Vikings were here & mixed w. Slavic peoples; they conducted trade w. Constantinople

28. Kiev (7th) Who: Russians
What: capital of the present day Ukraine, the center of the 1st Russian state
Where: Russia
When: 500s-1613
Why: its culture & growth were the result of a mixing of the Vikings & the Slavs; Vladimir made Orthodox Christianity the official religion= Russia adopted aspects of Byz culture; Kiev gained strength under Vladimir- the Russian ruler controlled the church too

29. Cyrillic (3rd) Who: 2 Greek brothers, Russians, Ukranians, Bulgarians
What: an alphabet that became written script still used in Russia & E. Europe today
Where: Russia, E. Europe
When: 863
Why: the Byzantine Empire sent missionaries to convert Slavs in Russia in the 800s, 2 Greek brothers adapted the Greek alphabet into this so they could translate the bible into Slavic tongues in order to convert the ppls of Russia & EE

30. Cyrillic (7th) Who: 2 Greek brothers, Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians
What: an alphabet that was adapted from the Greek alphabet
Where: From the Byz Emp; to Russia, EE
When: 863
Why: this allowed the Byzantine Greeks to translate their bible into Slavic language so they could convert the ppls of Russia & EE to Orthodox Christianity= Russia became Russian Orthodox Christian

31. Golden Horde (3rd) Who: Batu, Grandson of Genghis Khan
What: Mongol armies that looted & burned Kiev & other Russian towns, fierce conquerors that control Russia for 150 years
Where: Russia
When:
Why: because they burnt Russian towns many ppl were killed, Golden Horde ruled Russia for more than 150 years; areas suffered destructive raids from the Mongols; Russian princes had to acknowledge Mongols as the rulers & pay tribute; they tolerated the Russian Orthodox Church; their rule served as an ex. To later Russian rulers

32. Ivan the Great (6th) Who: Russian War hero, Russian prince, Ivan III
What: brought most of Northern Russia under his rule & reconquered land from the Mongols
Where: Northern Russia
When:
Why: he built the framework for absolute rule; he tried to limit the power of the Boyars(nobles); he adopted Byzantine customs to show their influence on Russia; he created the title Tsar

33. Ivan the Great Who: Ivan III, Russian prince
What: he brought much of Northern Russia under his rule
Where: Russia
When:
Why: recovered Russian territory that had fallen into the hands of others

34. Tsar (3rd) Who: Ivan III, Ivan the Great
What: the Russian name for Caesar, title of Russia’s leader
Where: Russia
When:
Why: the Tsar was like the highest God, leader of all of Russia; Ivan the Great created this title which remained until the end of absolute rule in Russia

35. Tsar (6th) Who: Russian ruler
What: Russian word for Caesar, absolute ruler of Russia
Where: Russia
When: 1500s
Why: Ivan the Great created this title to symbolize his absolute power, this title remained the name of Russia’s leader until 1917

36. Tsar (7th) Who: Ivan III (the Great)
What: Russian word for Caesar, title of Russia’s leader
Where: Russia
When:
Why: Ivan III (the Great) created this title; title of Russia’s absolute leader; Ivan IV was the first official Tsar

37. Ivan the Terrible (6th)
Who: the first Russian ruler officially crowned tsar, Ivan the Great’s grandson, Ivan IV
What: ruler of Russia that centralized royal power by limiting Boyars, granted land in exchange for military service
Where: Russia
When:
Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land; unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible; introduced Russia to extreme absolutism

38. Ivan the Terrible (7th) Who: Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia
What: introduced Russia to extreme absolute power; abused his power as Tsar = called Ivan the Terrible
Where: Russia
When:
Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land; unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible

39. Ivan the Terrible (3rd) Who: Ivan IV, Ivan the Great’s grandson
What: he abused his powers as the Tsar of Russia = Ivan the Terrible
Where: Russia
When:
Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land; unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible; introduced Russia to extreme absolutism; after his rule Russia was left seeping w. rebellion

40. 500/600- the Slavic ppls spread east into Russia & south to BE
700s-900s- Vikings arrive
862- Russians claim their country started here when a prince called “the Rus” started controlling Novgorod, Russia
Greek brothers created Cyrillic so they could translate bible into slvaic tongue to convert Russians to Christianity

41. Timeline (workbook)
500s/600s- Slavic ppls spread east into Russia & South into Byzantine Empire
862- Russia dated it’s origins of their country when Prince “the Rus” began his rule in Novgorod, Russia
800s- Constantine sent Christian missionaries to convert the Slavs
Greek brothers invented Cyrillic to convert the Slavs of Russia
957- Pricess Olga (ruler in Russia) converted to Christianity
1200s- young leader (Genghis Khan) united nomadic warriors in Central Asia to start conquering land
Batu (Mongol) led army into Russia, took over, & started Golden Horde (Mongol rule of Russia)

42. Timeline (contd)
1500- Ivan III (the Great) recovers Russian lands from the Golden horde (the Mongols)
1547- Ivan IV becomes first Russian ruler officially crowned Tsar
1560- Ivan IV became increasingly unstable
1584- Ivan the IV (Terrible) dies leaving his lands seething w. rebellion