1. LINGUISTICA GENERALE E COMPUTAZIONALE SENTIMENT ANALYSIS

2. FACTS AND OPINIONS Two main types of textual information on the Web: FACTS and OPINIONS Current search engines search for facts (assume they are true) – Facts can be expressed with topic keywords.

3. THERE IS PLENTY OF OPINIONS IN THE WEB

4. SENTIMENT ANALYSIS (also known as opinion mining) Attempts to identify the opinion/sentiment that a person may hold towards an object Sentiment Analysis Positive Negative Neutral

5. Components of an opinion Basic components of an opinion: – Opinion holder: The person or organization that holds a specific opinion on a particular object. – Object: on which an opinion is expressed – Opinion: a view, attitude, or appraisal on an object from an opinion holder.

6. SENTIMENT ANALYSIS GRANULARITY At the document (or review) level: – Task: sentiment classification of reviews – Classes: positive, negative, and neutral – Assumption: each document (or review) focuses on a single object (not true in many discussion posts) and contains opinion from a single opinion holder.

7. DOCUMENT-LEVEL SENTIMENT ANALYSIS EXAMPLE

8. SENTIMENT ANALYSIS GRANULARITY At the document (or review) level: – Task: sentiment classification of reviews – Classes: positive, negative, and neutral – Assumption: each document (or review) focuses on a single object (not true in many discussion posts) and contains opinion from a single opinion holder. At the sentence level: – Task 1: identifying subjective/opinionated sentences Classes: objective and subjective (opinionated) – Task 2: sentiment classification of sentences Classes: positive, negative and neutral. Assumption: a sentence contains only one opinion; not true in many cases. Then we can also consider clauses or phrases.

9. SENTENCE-LEVEL SENTIMENT ANALYSIS EXAMPLE Id: Abc123 on 5-1-2008 “I bought an iPhone a few days ago. It is such a nice phone. The touch screen is really cool. The voice quality is clear too. It is much better than my old Blackberry, which was a terrible phone and so difficult to type with its tiny keys. However, my mother was mad with me as I did not tell her before I bought the phone. She also thought the phone was too expensive, …”

10. SENTENCE-LEVEL SENTIMENT ANALYSIS Id: Abc123 on 5-1-2008 “I bought an iPhone a few days ago. It is such a nice phone. The touch screen is really cool. The voice quality is clear too. It is much better than my old Blackberry, which was a terrible phone and so difficult to type with its tiny keys. However, my mother was mad with me as I did not tell her before I bought the phone. She also thought the phone was too expensive, …”

11. SENTENCE-LEVEL SENTIMENT ANALYSIS Id: Abc123 on 5-1-2008 “I bought an iPhone a few days ago. It is such a nice phone. The touch screen is really cool. The voice quality is clear too. It is much better than my old Blackberry, which was a terrible phone and so difficult to type with its tiny keys. However, my mother was mad with me as I did not tell her before I bought the phone. She also thought the phone was too expensive, …”

12. SENTIMENT ANALYSIS GRANULARITY At the feature level: – Task 1: Identify and extract object features that have been commented on by an opinion holder (e.g., a reviewer). – Task 2: Determine whether the opinions on the features are positive, negative or neutral. – Task 3: Group feature synonyms. Produce a feature-based opinion summary of multiple reviews.

13. SENTIMENT ANALYSIS GRANULARITY At the feature level: – Task 1: Identify and extract object features that have been commented on by an opinion holder (e.g., a reviewer). – Task 2: Determine whether the opinions on the features are positive, negative or neutral. – Task 3: Group feature synonyms. Produce a feature-based opinion summary of multiple reviews. Opinion holders: identify holders is also useful, e.g., in news articles, etc, but they are usually known in the user generated content, i.e., authors of the posts.

14. FEATURE-LEVEL SENTIMENT ANALYSIS

15. ENTITY AND ASPECT (Hu and Liu, 2004; Liu, 2006)

16. OPINION TARGET

17. A DEFINITION OF OPINION (Liu, Ch. in NLP handbook, 2010)

18. SENTIMENT ANALYSIS: THE TASK

19. Applications Businesses and organizations: – product and service benchmarking. – market intelligence. – Business spends a huge amount of money to find consumer sentiments and opinions. Consultants, surveys and focused groups, etc Individuals: interested in other’s opinions when – purchasing a product or using a service, – finding opinions on political topics Ads placements: Placing ads in the user-generated content – Place an ad when one praises a product. – Place an ad from a competitor if one criticizes a product. Opinion retrieval/search: providing general search for opinions.

20. DOCUMENT-LEVEL SENTIMENT ANALYSIS

22. DOCUMENT-LEVEL SENTIMENT ANALYSIS = TEXT CLASSIFICATION

23. ASSUMPTIONS AND GOALS

24. LEXICON-BASED APPROACHES Use sentiment and subjectivity lexicons Rule-based classifier – A sentence is subjective if it has at least two words in the lexicon – A sentence is objective otherwise

25. SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION Treat sentiment analysis as a type of classification Use corpora annotated for subjectivity and/or sentiment Train machine learning algorithms: – Naïve bayes – Decision trees – SVM – … Learn to automatically annotate new text

26. TYPICAL SUPERVISED APPROACH

27. FEATURES FOR SUPERVISED DOCUMENT- LEVEL SENTIMENT ANALYSIS A large set of features have been tried by researchers – Terms frequency and different IR weighting schemes as in other work on classification – Part of speech (POS) tags – Opinion words and phrases – Negations – Syntactic dependency

28. SENTIMENT ANALYSIS IN PYTHON

29. EASIER AND HARDER PROBLEMS Tweets from Twitter are probably the easiest – short and thus usually straight to the point Reviews are next – entities are given (almost) and there is little noise Discussions, comments, and blogs are hard. – Multiple entities, comparisons, noisy, sarcasm, etc

30. ASPECT-BASED SENTIMENT ANALYSIS Sentiment classification at the document or sentence (or clause) levels are useful, but do not find what people liked and disliked. They do not identify the targets of opinions, i.e., ENTITIES and their ASPECTS Without knowing targets, opinions are of limited use.

31. ASPECT-BASED SENTIMENT ANALYSIS Much of the research is based on online reviews For reviews, aspect-based sentiment analysisis easier because the entity (i.e., product name) is usually known – Reviewers simply express positive and negative opinions on different aspects of the entity. For blogs, forum discussions, etc., it is harder: – both entity and aspects of entity are unknown – there may also be many comparisons – and there is also a lot of irrelevant information.

32. BRIEF DIGRESSION Regular opinions: Sentiment/opinion expressions on some target entities – Direct opinions: The touch screen is really cool – Indirect opinions: “After taking the drug, my pain has gone” COMPARATIVE opinions: Comparisons of more than one entity. – “iPhone is better than Blackberry”

33. Find entities (entity set expansion) Although similar, it is somewhat different from the traditional named entity recognition (NER). (See next lectures) E.g., one wants to study opinions on phones – given Motorola and Nokia, find all phone brands and models in a corpus, e.g., Samsung, Moto,

34. Feature/Aspect extraction May extract frequent nouns and noun phrases – Sometimes limited to a set known to be related to the entity of interest or using part discriminators – e.g., for a scanner entity “scanner”, “scanner has” opinion and target relations – Proximity or syntactic dependency Standard IE methods – Rule-based or supervised learning – Often HMMs or CRFs (like standard IE)

35. Aspect extraction using dependency grammar

36. RESOURCES FOR SENTIMENT ANALYSIS Lexicons General Inquirer (Stone et al., 1966) OpinionFinder lexicon (Wiebe & Riloff, 2005) SentiWordNet (Esuli & Sebastiani, 2006) Annotated corpora Used in statistical approaches (Hu & Liu 2004, Pang & Lee 2004) MPQA corpus (Wiebe et. al, 2005) Tools Algorithm based on minimum cuts (Pang & Lee, 2004) OpinionFinder (Wiebe et. al, 2005)

37. Lexical resources for Sentiment and Subjectivity Analysis Overview

38. Sentiment (or opinion) lexica

39. Sentiment lexica

40. Sentiment-bearing words ICWSM 200840 Adjectives Hatzivassiloglou & McKeown 1997, Wiebe 2000, Kamps & Marx 2002, Andreevskaia & Bergler 2006 – positive: honest important mature large patient Ron Paul is the only honest man in Washington. Kitchell’s writing is unbelievably mature and is only likely to get better. To humour me my patient father agrees yet again to my choice of film

41. Negative adjectives ICWSM 200841 Adjectives – negative: harmful hypocritical inefficient insecure It was a macabre and hypocritical circus. Why are they being so inefficient ? bjective: curious, peculiar, odd, likely, probably

42. Subjective adjectives ICWSM 200842 Adjectives – Subjective (but not positive or negative sentiment): curious, peculiar, odd, likely, probable He spoke of Sue as his probable successor. The two species are likely to flower at different times.

43. Other words ICWSM 200843 Other parts of speech Turney & Littman 2003, Riloff, Wiebe & Wilson 2003, Esuli & Sebastiani 2006 – Verbs positive: praise, love negative: blame, criticize subjective: predict – Nouns positive: pleasure, enjoyment negative: pain, criticism subjective: prediction, feeling

44. Phrases ICWSM 200844 Phrases containing adjectives and adverbs Turney 2002, Takamura, Inui & Okumura 2007 – positive: high intelligence, low cost – negative: little variation, many troubles

45. Creating sentiment lexica ICWSM 200845 Humans Semi- automatic Fully automatic

46. (Semi) Automatic creation of sentiment lexica ICWSM 200846 Find relevant words, phrases, patterns that can be used to express subjectivity Determine the polarity of subjective expressions

47. FINDING POLARITY IN CORPORA USING PATTERNS

48. USING PATTERNS ICWSM 200848 Lexico-syntactic patterns Riloff & Wiebe 2003 way with : … to ever let China use force to have its way with … expense of : at the expense of the world’s security and stability underlined : Jiang’s subdued tone … underlined his desire to avoid disputes …

49. DICTIONARY-BASED METHODS

50. SEMI-SUPERVISED LEARNING (Esuti and Sebastiani, 2005)

51. Corpora for Sentiment and Subjectivity Analysis Overview

52. Definitions and Annotation Scheme ICWSM 200852 Manual annotation: human markup of corpora (bodies of text) Why? – Understand the problem – Create gold standards (and training data) Wiebe, Wilson, Cardie LRE 2005 Wilson & Wiebe ACL-2005 workshop Somasundaran, Wiebe, Hoffmann, Litman ACL-2006 workshop Somasundaran, Ruppenhofer, Wiebe SIGdial 2007 Wilson 2008 PhD dissertation

53. Overview ICWSM 200853 Fine-grained: expression-level rather than sentence or document level Annotate – Subjective expressions – material attributed to a source, but presented objectively

54. Corpus ICWSM 200854 MPQA: www.cs.pitt.edu/mqpa/databaserelease (version 2) MPQA: www.cs.pitt.edu/mqpa/databaserelease English language versions of articles from the world press (187 news sources) Also includes contextual polarity annotations (later) Themes of the instructions: – No rules about how particular words should be annotated. – Don’t take expressions out of context and think about what they could mean, but judge them as they are used in that sentence.

55. Gold Standards ICWSM 200855 Derived from manually annotated data Derived from “found” data (examples): – Blog tags Balog, Mishne, de Rijke EACL 2006 – Websites for reviews, complaints, political arguments amazon.com Pang and Lee ACL 2004 complaints.com Kim and Hovy ACL 2006 bitterlemons.com Lin and Hauptmann ACL 2006 Word lists (example): – General Inquirer Stone et al. 1996

56. SENTIMENT ANALYSIS IN NLTK See 6.1

57. TOOLS

58. OPINE

59. OPINION SUMMARIES

60. GOOGLE PRODUCTS

61. READINGS Bo Pang & Lillian Lee, 2008 – Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis – Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval, v. 2, 1-2 – On the website

62. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Some slides borrowed from – Janyce Wiebe’s tutorials – Bing Liu’s tutorials – Ronen Feldman’s IJCAI 2013 tutorial