1. Adjective, Adverb, and Noun Clauses
Identifying
Writing
Combining

2. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause.

3. Example:
The television was playing (independent clause which can stand alone and make sense) as I left the room (dependent clause which must be attached to the independent clause to make sense).

4. There are three kinds of dependent clauses:
adjective clause
adverb clause
noun clause

5. Adverb Clause
An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It usually modifies the verb.

6. Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinate conjunctions including after, although, as, as if, before, because, if, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, where, and while.
These are just some of the more common ones.

7. Example:
They arrived before the game had ended.
"before the game had ended" is the adverb clause modifying the verb arrived telling when.

8. Write the adverb clauses from the following sentences and the word they modify.
1. You clean the bathroom while I clean the carpet.
2. Ann was confident that she would play the best.
3. Bring in the toys before they get destroyed.
4. I stood on the box so that I could see the top of the shelf.
5. Your face becomes red when you are angry.

9. Answers 1. while I clean the carpet modifies the verb clean
2. that she would play the best modifies the predicate adjective confident
3. before they get destroyed modifies the verb bring
4. so that I could see the top of the shelf modifies the verb stood
5. when you are angry modifies the verb becomes

10. Sometimes the adverb clause is placed at the beginning of the sentence.
When it introduces the sentence, it is always set off with a comma.

11. Example:
Before the game had ended, they arrived.

12. Write the adverb clauses in the following sentences and the word they modify.
1. When you came from the garage, did you see the mower there?
2. Because the field was muddy, the game had to be cancelled.
3. Although you should return to class, just wait here for me.
4. As I sat motionless, the two squirrels came closer and closer.
5. Since I can spare only a few minutes, please be brief with your presentation.

13. Answers 1. When you came from the garage modifies the verb did see
2. Because the field was muddy modifies the verbal to be cancelled
3. Although you should return to class modifies the verb wait
4. As I sat motionless modifies the verb came
5. Since I can spare only a few minutes modifies the predicate adjective brief

14. Elliptical Clauses
Than and as introduce clauses that are called elliptical clauses.
That is, they have some of their parts understood but not stated.

15. Example:
“You are smarter than I.” (am smart.)
They always modify the comparative word (smarter).

16. 2. Jim can run faster than Jeff.
Complete the elliptical adverb clauses in the following sentences and write the words they modify.
1. My dog is older than I.
2. Jim can run faster than Jeff.
3. Pam spells more accurately than she keyboards.
4. He is trying harder than James.
5. Barbara is a better tennis player than Jeanne.

17. Answers
1. My dog is older than I am old. than I am old modifies the predicate adjective older
2. Jim can run faster than Jeff can run fast. than Jeff can run fast modifies the adverb faster
3. Pam spells more accurately than she keyboards accurately. than she keyboards accurately modifies the adverb more accurately
4. He is trying harder than James is trying hard. as James is trying hard modifies the adverb harder
5. Barbara is a better tennis player than Jeanne is a tennis player. than Jeanne is a good tennis player modifies the adjective better

18. Write the adverb clauses in the following sentences and the words they modify.
1. Although I became tired, I enjoyed the hike.
2. You cannot become an expert driver until you drive for several years.
3. Buy that coat now because it might be sold tomorrow.
4. I cannot reach the top window unless I have a ladder.
5. After you have eaten lunch, we will leave for New York.

19. Answers 1. Although I became tired modifies the verb enjoyed
2. until you drive for several years modifies the verb can become
3. because it might be sold tomorrow modifies the verb buy
4. unless I have a ladder modifies the verb can reach
5. After you have eaten lunch modifies the verb will leave

20. Write the adverb clauses from the following sentences and the words they modify.
1. Ila reads music better than Becky.
2. The dog whined sadly as I walked into the house.
3. If you have time, finish doing the dishes for me.
4. Many operations are unsuccessful because the patient is not careful afterwards.
5. Whenever I go out the door, the dog barks to go also.

21. Answers 1. than Becky (can read music well) modifies the adverb better
2. as I walked into the house modifies the verb whined
3. If you have time modifies the verb finish
4. because the patient in not careful afterwards modifies the predicate adjective unsuccessful
5. Whenever I go out the door modifies the verb barks

22. Find the adverb clauses in the following sentences and the words they modify.
1. I am hungrier than I thought.
2. We left before the game was over.
3. Lee is older than Bill.
4. While I waited for the phone call, I read a book.
5. If you don't believe me, ask my wife.
6. Are you upset because I didn't call?
7. The alarm rang while I was in the shower.
8. Open the window so that we can have fresh air.
9. Paul will take you home when you are ready.
10. You shouldn't say those things unless you are certain about their validity.

23. Answers 1. than I thought modifies the predicate adjective hungrier
2. before the game was over modifies the verb left
3. than Bill (is old) modifies the predicate adjective older
4. While I waited for the phone call modifies the verb read
5. If you don't believe me modifies the verb ask
6. because I didn't call modifies the predicate adjective upset
7. while I was in the shower modifies the verb rang
8. so that we can have fresh air modifies the verb open
9. when you are ready modifies the verb will take
10. unless you are certain about their validity modifies the verb should say

24. Adverb clauses can give variety to your sentences.

25. Combine the following sentences using adverb clauses at the end of the sentence.
1. We watched the robins. They raised their young in our apple tree.
2. Becky read the book. It was recommended by a friend.
3. Dad donates his suits to charity. He has worn them a year.
4. The policemen delayed the drivers. The wrecks were cleared.
5. Ann ate an apple. She studied her vocabulary.

26. Answers
Several different subordinate conjunctions can be used to combine adverb clauses with independent clauses. These answers show only one possibility.
1. We watched the robins while they raised their young in our apple tree.
2. Becky read the book since it was recommended by a friend.
3. Dad donates his suits to charity after he has worn them a year.
4. The policemen delayed the drivers until the wrecks were cleared.
5. Ann ate an apple as she studied her vocabulary.

27. 1. Frank started medical training. He drove a forklift for a living.
Combine the following sentences using adverb clauses at the beginning of the sentence.
1. Frank started medical training. He drove a forklift for a living.
2. The rains had started the mud slides. The homes were not safe to live in.
3. Older people love to sit in the park. They feed the birds and visit.
4. I enjoyed camping out. I was much younger.
5. Joe recognized the man. The man had stopped his car to help.

28. Answers
Several different subordinate conjunctions can be used to combine adverb clauses with independent clauses, but I will only show one possibility.
1. Before Frank started medical training, he drove a forklift for a living.
2. Because the rains had started the mud slides, the homes were not safe to live in.
3. While they feed the birds and visit, older people love to sit in the park.
4. When I was much younger, I enjoyed camping out.
5. After the man had stopped his car to help, Joe recognized him.

29. Adverb clauses like adjective clauses can give variety to your sentences. Sometimes we find adverb clauses that have left some words out. They are called reduced adverb clauses. Example: While (she was) speaking to the timid student, the teacher spoke slowly.

30. Reduce the adverb clauses in these sentences.
1. While he was watching the geese, he saw the fox.
2. Richard got a thorn in his finger when he was pruning the roses.
3. The cat meowed loudly after it searched for a way into the house.
4. Although the man feared being ostracized, he continued helping everyone.
5. Will measured the board again before he made his final cut.

31. Answers 1. While watching the geese, he saw the fox.
2. Richard got a thorn in his finger when pruning the roses.
3. The cat meowed loudly after searching for a way into the house.
4. Although fearing being ostracized, the man continued helping everyone.
5. Will measured the board again before making his final cut. 

32. Rewrite the following reduced adverb clauses adding the missing words.
1. After hearing the terrible noise, they ran for their lives.
2. The customer paid for his groceries when passing through the check out stand.
3. Allen is only happy while participating in an argument.
4. Before leaving for the hike, the boy scouts were warned about snakes.
5. Until watering the lawn in the morning, he didn't see the dandelions in it.

33. Answers
1. After they had heard the terrible noise, they ran for their lives.
2. The customer paid for his groceries when he passed through the check out stand.
3. Allen is only happy while he is participating in an argument.
4. Before they left for the hike, the boy scouts were warned about snakes.
5. Until he had watered the lawn in the morning, he didn't see the dandelions in it.

34. 1. You act as if I enjoy punishing you.
Write the adverb clauses in these sentences and tell what word they modify. If it is a reduced adverb clause or elliptical adverb clause add the missing words.
1. You act as if I enjoy punishing you.
2. The contractor roughened the concrete while it was still wet.
3. My sister is smarter than I.
4. The manager talked with the workers after listening to their suggestions.
5. Before returning to work, he ate his lunch.

35. Answers 1. as if I enjoy punishing you modifies the verb act
2. while it was still wet modifies the verb roughened
3. than I (am smart) modifies the predicate adjective smarter
4. after (he had listened) to their suggestions modifies the verb talked
5. Before (he returned) to work modifies the verb ate

36. 1. You seem very happy when you help other people.
QUIZ: Write the adverb clauses in these sentences and tell what word they modify. If it is a reduced adverb clause or elliptical adverb clause add the missing words.
1. You seem very happy when you help other people.
2. While you wait, we will detail your car.
3. That horse is more obstinate than a mule.
4. As the lions approached the carcass, the cheetahs retreated once more.
5. While eating, I choked on a bone.

37. Quiz Answers
1. when you help other people modifies the predicate adjective happy
2. While you wait modifies the verb will detail
3. than a mule (is obstinate) modifies the predicate adjective more obstinate
4. As the lions approached the carcass modifies the verb retreated
5. While (I was) eating modifies the verb choked