1. Transitions / Connectors

2. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Types of Sentences Sentence Simple SentenceComplex Sentence 2 or > independent clauses Compound Sentence 1 independent clause At least 1 independent clause with other dependent clause(s)

3. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Identify the sentence types Politicians and scientists should work closely to solve environmental problems. Conservation of energy is an urgent matter. Engineers play an important role in society through technological advances which cover various fields such as healthcare, computing, and stem cell research.

4. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Identify the sentence types Politicians and scientists should work closely to solve environmental problems. (Compound) Conservation of energy is an urgent matter. (Simple) Engineers play an important role in society through technological advances which cover various fields such as healthcare, computing, and stem cell research. (Complex)

5. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Errors in Transitions Happen when connectors used between words, clauses, sentences or paragraphs are ambiguous or illogical Engineering is an important discipline, it is considered the engine of any economy. To save the earth, we should not only focus on energy conservation and also consider renewable energies.

6. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Errors in Transitions Happen when connectors used between words, clauses, sentences or paragraphs are ambiguous or illogical Engineering is an important discipline; it is considered the engine of any economy. (punctuation – use of comma splice) To save the earth, we should not only focus on energy conservation but also consider renewable energies. (wrong use of connector)

7. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Transitions Function like traffic signs Tell you about the connections between ideas e.g. similarities, differences, opposition, consequences etc. Provide coherence within a sentence; across sentences; within a paragraph and across paragraphs

8. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Types of Transitions / Connectors Connectors join similar grammatical structures Oil and water do not mix. Transitions link sentences and paragraphs Bioengineering is an expanding field; however, job opportunities may be limited.

9. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Subordinators connect a dependent clause with at least one independent clause When accurate weather prediction tools are available, we should be able to anticipate the disasters and hopefully reduce the fatalities. Types of Transitions / Connectors

10. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Meaning of Connectors To add information To illustrate or give an example To show contrast To show concession To show similarity To show a result To provide a reason or cause To establish a time relationship or order To show a condition To explain or emphasize To give a choice or alternative Please refer to Lane and Lange (1999) for more details and examples. See pp.170-175.

11. eg1471/jc/dec2008 To Add Information Coordinating Conjunctions and Coorrelative Conjunctions not only…but also both…and Transitional Words and Phrases also besides moreover furthermore in addition additionally

12. eg1471/jc/dec2008 To Illustrate or Give an Example Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases for example for instance such as to illustrate specifically in particular

13. eg1471/jc/dec2008 To Show Contrast Coordinating Conjunctions but Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases however in contrast conversely on the contrary on the other hand otherwise still instead

14. eg1471/jc/dec2008 To Show Concession Coordinating Conjunctions yet Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases nevertheless even so admittedly

15. eg1471/jc/dec2008 To Show a Similarity Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases likewise similarly in the same way

16. eg1471/jc/dec2008 To Show a Result Coordinating Conjunctions so Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases accordingly as a consequence as a result Consequently hence therefore thus

17. eg1471/jc/dec2008 To Provide a Reason or Cause Coordinating Conjunctions for Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases

18. eg1471/jc/dec2008 To Establish a Time Relationship or Order Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases first second afterward finally in conclusion meanwhile previously next subsequently

19. eg1471/jc/dec2008 To Show a Condition Coordinating Conjunctions or Coorrelative Conjunctions whether…or Transitional Words and Phrases

20. eg1471/jc/dec2008 To Explain or Emphasize Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases in fact namely that is actually in other words

21. eg1471/jc/dec2008 To Give a Choice or Alternative Coordinating Conjunctions or Coorrelative Conjunctions either…or Transitional Words and Phrases alternatively

22. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Rules for Punctuating Connectors Coordinating Conjunctions –a comma before the conjunction is not needed if the two independent clauses are very short. Having LASIK is an important decision and the patient should consider all factors carefully. The comma is optional in this case.

23. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Rules for Punctuating Connectors Coorrelative Conjunctions –a comma is needed before the 2 nd correlative conjunction only for joining 2 clauses, not words or phrases. Not only does LASIK treat common ophthalmic conditions like nearsightedness, it also treats farsightedness and astigmatism. LASIK not only treats common ophthalmic conditions like nearsightedness but also farsightedness and astigmatism.

24. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Rules for Punctuating Connectors Transitional words/phrases – put a semicolon before and a comma after the transitional signal when joining 2 independent clauses. Technological breakthroughs have been rapid in recent decades; however, the public need to be educated on their use.

25. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Rules for Punctuating Connectors Transitional words/phrases – put a comma after the transitional signal when introducing an independent clause. Technological breakthroughs have been rapid in recent decades. However, the public need to be educated on their use.

26. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Rules for Punctuating Connectors Transitional words/phrases – put commas before and after the transitional signal within a clause. Stem cell research is promising, however, the ethical issues must not be ignored.

27. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Subordinators Appear before the dependent clause Have a comma at the end of it before the independent clause Although academic studies are challenging, most students will persist in their efforts. Please refer to Oshima and Hogue (2006) for more details and examples. See pp.292-299

28. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Time after before whenever as, just as since while as long as until as soon as when A subordinating conjunction is the first word in a dependent clause.

29. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Place where wherever anywhere everywhere

30. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Manner as, just as as if as though

31. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Distance as far as as close as Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Frequency as often as

32. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Reason as because since Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Purpose so that in order that

33. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Result so…that such…that so few/many/little/much…that Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Condition if unless

34. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Partial Contrast although even though though Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Contrast while whereas

35. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Subordinating Words for Adjective Clauses To refer to people who,whom whose, that To refer to animals and things which, that whereas To refer to a time or place When, where

36. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Subordinating Words for Noun Clauses Used in That clauses Do you believe that there is life in outer space? Used in If/Whether clauses which, that whereas Used in wh- and how clauses When, where

37. eg1471/jc/dec2008 Sources Lane, A. and Lange, E. (1999). Writing Clearly: An Editing Guide (2 nd ed.). Boston: Heinle and Heinle Publishers, 165-178. Oshima, A. and Hogue, A. (2006). Writing Academic English (4 th ed.). New York: Pearson Education, 292-299. Raimes, A. (2006). Grammar Troublespots: A Guide for Student Writers (3 rd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press, 9-17.