1. Clauses Notes

2. The Basics… A clause is a group of related words that has both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause (also a main clause) presents a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. – Sparrows make nests in cattle barns. (Independent clause) A dependent clause (also a subordinate clause) does not present a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. – Sparrows make nests in cattle barns because they need to stay warm during the winter. (Dependent clause)

3. Types of Dependent Clauses There are three types of dependent clauses: adverb clauses, adjective clauses, and noun clauses. An adverb clause is used like an adverb or modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. All adverb clauses begin with a subordinating conjunction. An adjective clause is used like an adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun. Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns. A noun clause is used in place of a noun. Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns and can be replaced with “it” or “someone.”

4. Adverb Clauses Examples If I study hard, I will pass. (Because the adverb clause comes before the main clause, a comma is used following the adverb clause.) I will pass if I study hard. (Because the adverb clause comes after the main clause, no comma is used to separate the two clauses.)

5. Adjective Clause Examples Tomorrow’s test, which covers the entire book, is half essay and half short answers. (The adjective clauses modifies the noun test. Because it is added information, it is non-essential, and commas are placed around the adjective clause) I want the necklace that goes best with this shirt. (The adjective clause modifies the noun necklace. Because it identifies which one, it is essential, and there are no commas placed around the adjective clause)

6. Noun Clause Examples However, the teacher said that the essay questions are based only on the last two chapters. (The noun clause functions as the direct object) That someone took the cookie is undeniable. (The noun clause functions as the subject. I talked to whoever was on the other line. (The noun clause functions as the object of the preposition to) That is what I want. (The noun clause functions as the predicate nominative)

7. Key to Determining the Function of a Noun Clause Before predicate = subject After action verb = direct object After being verb = predicate nominative After preposition = object of the preposition