1. PRACTICE CLASS #2 (#3) 2012-03-06

4. a responsible girl / the person responsible …the students present…/ …those absent…. her late husband / …wasn’t conscious… / conscious effort …all the people involved…/ involved inquiry

5. Is this an easy camera to use? His was too strong an argument to be expressed in public. It is big enough a house for two families to live in. I need as big a table as possible.

7.  Fascinated with her inner beauty, he sat in silent admiration and...  Uneasy, he just sat and waited to receive an email.  When nervous, count to ten. When really nervous, count to twenty.  Magnificent!  How nice of you!  WHAT ARE THESE STRUCTURES?  HOW SHOULD WE CLASSIFY THEM?

8. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSES CONTINGENT ADJECTIVE CLAUSES EXCLAMATORY ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

9. Eager to start the climb, the students rose at first light. When not used to the climate, dress sensibly. Excited, they shouted loud. If possible, try to work out every day.

10.  inherent, adj. =a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it  Not all adjectives characterize the referent of the noun directly: ◦ an old friend ≠ my friend is old ◦ Here “old” refers to the friendship and it does not characterize the person.  Adjectives that characterize the referent of the noun directly are called INHERENT, and those that do not are called NON-INHERENT.

11. happy girlhappy rock

12. hard rockhard Rock

13. wooden Nichols Cage wooden table

14. NI I NI = NON-INHERENT; I = INHERENT NI I

15. NI = NON-INHERENT; I = INHERENT INI I

16. NI = NON-INHERENT; I = INHERENT NI I

17. syntactic classification of adjectives CENTRALPERIPHERAL This classification is based on syntactic functions which adjectives can perform. Adjectives that can have BOTH attributive and predicative function are called CENTRAL. E.g. a happy girl vs. The girl is happy. / He made her happy. Adjectives that have EITHER attributive or predicative function are called PERIPHERAL. E.g. an utter fool vs. *The fool is utter.

18.  Adjectives that are attributive only are adjectives usually CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR GROUPS.  INTENSIFYING ADJECTIVES  RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES  ADJECTIVES RELATED TO ADVERBIALS  DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES

19.  There are adjectives that have a hightening effect on the noun they modify, or the reverse, lowering effect. Such adjectives are called INTENSIFYING ADJECTIVES.  EMPHASIZERS (sheer madness)  AMPLIFIERS (complete fool)  DOWNTONERS (slight effort) MOST OF THEM ARE USUALLY ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY.

20.  The adjectives that have a lowering effect, i.e. DOWNTONER ADJECTIVES are CENTRAL ADJECTIVES (NOT ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY):  a slight effort = The effort was slight.  a feeble joke = The joke was feeble.

21.  The adjectives that have a GENERAL HEIGHTENING effect, i.e. EMPHASIZER ADJECTIVES are ATTRIBUTVE ONLY:  a clear failure ≠ The failure was clear.  sheer arrogance ≠ His arrogance was sheer.  plain nonsense ≠ The nonsense was plain. EMPHASIZERS ARE NON-INHERENT.

22.  The adjectives that SCALE THE MEANING UPWARDS FROM AN ASSUMED NORM, i.e. AMPLIFIER ADJECTIVES can be ATTRIBUTVE ONLY OR CENTRAL, depending on whether they are INHERENT OR NON- INHERENT.  a complete victory = The victory was complete. (INHERENT)  a complete fool ≠ The fool is complete. (NON-INHERENT)  great destruction = The destruction was great. (INHERENT)  a great fool ≠ The fool is great. (NON-INHERENT)

23.  The adjectives that RESTRICT THE REFERENCE OF THE NOUN EXCLUSIVELY, PARTICULARLY OR CHIEFLY, are called. RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES and they are ATTRIBUTVE ONLY:  the main reasin ≠ The reason was main.  a certain person ≠ The person was certain.  the very man ≠ The man was very.

24.  Adjectives that ARE DERIVED FROM ADVERBS OR ADVERBIAL CONSTRUCTIONS, i.e. ADJECTIVES RELATED TO ADVERBIALS are ATTRIBUTVE ONLY. They are NON- INHERENT.  my former friend ≠ My friend is former. (~ formerly my friend)  past students ≠ The students are past. (~students from the past)  the late president ≠ The president is late. SOMETIMES an adjective related to adverbials can be ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY or CENTRAL, depending on the noun which it modifies.

25.  a good thief ≠ The thief is good. (~ he thieves well)  a good writer = The writer is good.  a poor liar ≠ The liar is poor. (~ he lies poorly)  the poor man (who went bankrupt) = The man is poor.

26.  Adjectives that ARE DERIVED FROM NOUNS, i.e. DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES are ATTRIBUTVE ONLY. They are NON-INHERENT.  a criminal lawyer ≠ The lawyer is criminal. (~ he specializes in criminal law)  an atomic scientist ≠ The scientis is atomic. (~ he specializes in atomic science) SOMETIMES an adjective related to adverbials can be ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY or CENTRAL, depending on the noun which it modifies.

27. CENTRAL; PERIPHERAL (attributive only; predicative only) PERIPHERAL, attributive only, limiter PERIPHERAL, attributive only, intensifier/amplifier CENTRAL

28. CENTRAL; PERIPHERAL (attributive only; predicative only) PERIPHERAL, predicative only CENTRAL PERIPHERAL, attributive only, denominal

29. CENTRAL; PERIPHERAL (attributive only; predicative only) PERIPHERAL, attributive only, limiter CENTRAL PERIPHERAL, attributive only, related to adv.

30. ADVERBS!

31.  The adverb phrase is a phrase that has an adverb as its head.  The AdvP can have the following forms: ◦ AdvP = Adv e.g. carefully ◦ AdvP = Adv Adv e.g. very carefully ◦ AdvP = Adv Adv e.g. carefully enough ◦ AdvP = Adv Adv Cl e.g. so fast that I couldn’t see it fast enough to escape o AdvP = (Adv) Adv PP e.g. (much) better than Bill

32. ADV HEAD HEAD HEAD PP

38. MORE CLEARLY LAST HIGH IN A SILLY WAY / MANNER EARLY LATE IN A MOTHERLY WAY FIRST

39. The Stock Exchange reacted quite calmly. These almonds taste bitter. She smiled bitterly. To a European, Chinese sounds strange.

40. The sports committee meets monthly / once a month / on a monthly basis. Her mother had slapped her hard. She walks in an ugly way/manner. You acted in a cowardly way/manner.

41. Bob works much harder than Tom. The play impressed me considerably. He approaches the subject less scientifically. She glanced at me slyly.

44.  The adverb phrase is a phrase that has an adverb as its head.  The AdvP can have the following forms: ◦ AdvP = Adv e.g. carefully ◦ AdvP = Adv Adv e.g. very carefully ◦ AdvP = Adv Adv e.g. carefully enough ◦ AdvP = Adv Adv Cl e.g. so fast that I couldn’t see it fast enough to escape o AdvP = (Adv) Adv PP e.g. (much) better than Bill

45. SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT (PART OF OTHER PHRASES) ADVERBIAL: He speaks slowly. MODIFIER: extremely slow very slowly rather a mess straight through the wall over ten victims COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION: over here till then from inside

46. ADVERBIALS INTEGRATED into the CLAUSE STRUCTURE Primarily NON-LINKING: Provide speaker’s comment PERIPHERAL in the CLAUSE STRUCTURE Primarily LINKING: connect sentences DISJUNCTSCONJUNCTS ADJUNCTS Naturally, Ross is behaving. I sent Ross a personal invitation. He will therefore be there tomorrow. Ross is behaving naturally.

47. DISJUNCT Modifier of AdvP/ADJUNCT CONJUNCT Modifier of NP Modifier of PP Modifier of AP ADJUNCT Modifier of AP Modifier of NP

48. Modifier of PP DISJUNCTADJUNCT Modifier of AP Modifier of NP ADJUNCT / Modifier of NP Modifier of AP

49. Actually, to be continued…