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Adding –s, -es, -ing and -ed
Spelling Rules Adding –s, -es, -ing and -ed
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Consonants: all other letters
Vowels: a, e, i, o, u Consonants: all other letters Vowels and Consonants
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Spelling of Verbs and Nouns in –s and -es
1. For most third-person singular (he, she, it) verbs and for plural nouns, add –s to the simple form: Verb: swim swims Noun: lake lakes Spelling of Verbs and Nouns in –s and -es
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Spelling of Verbs and Nouns in –s and -es
2. If the simple form ends with the letters s, z, sh, ch, or x, add –es. Verb: miss misses Noun: box boxes Spelling of Verbs and Nouns in –s and -es
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Spelling of Verbs and Nouns in –s and -es
3. If the simple form ends with a consonant + y, change y to I and add –es: Verb: try tries Noun: baby babies Vowel + Y, add -s: toytoys Spelling of Verbs and Nouns in –s and -es
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Spelling of Verbs and Nouns in –s and -es
4. If the simple form ends with a consonant + o, add –s or –es. Some words take –s: autoautos photophotos pianopianos solosolos Spelling of Verbs and Nouns in –s and -es
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Spelling of Verbs and Nouns in –s and -es
4. If the simple form ends with a consonant + o, add –s or –es. Some words take –es: dodoes echoechoes gogoes heroheroes potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes Spelling of Verbs and Nouns in –s and -es
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Spelling of Verbs and Nouns in –s and -es
4. If the simple form ends with a consonant + o, add –s or –es. Some words take both –s or –es: tornado tornados or tornadoes volcano volcanos or volcanoes zero zeros or zeroes Vowel + o: radioradios, zoozoos Spelling of Verbs and Nouns in –s and -es
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Spelling of Verbs and Nouns in –s and -es
5. If the simple form ends in a single f or fe, change the f or fe to v and add-es. knife knives shelf shelves Exceptions: beliefbeliefs, chiefchiefs, roofroofs, hoofhooves, scarfscarfs or scarves Spelling of Verbs and Nouns in –s and -es
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Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
1. For most verbs, add –ing to the simple form of the verb. sleep sleeping talk talking Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
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Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
2. If the simple form ends in a single e, drop the e and add – ing. live living write writing Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
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Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
3. If the simple form ends in ie, change the ie to y and add – ing. die dying lie lying Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
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Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
4. If the simple form of a one- syllable verb ends in a single vowel + consonant, double the final consonant and add –ing. hit hitting stop stopping Compare to two vowels + consonant: eatingeating Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
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Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
5. If the simple form of a verb with two or more syllables ends in a single vowel + consonant, double the final consonant if the stress is on the final syllable. Do not double the final consonant if the stress is not on the final syllable: admit admitting begin beginning develop developing listen listening NOTE: the final l is always doubled in British English, but not in American English. traveltravelling or traveling Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
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Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
6. Do not double the final consonants x, w, and y: fix fixing obey obeying Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
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Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
1. To form the simple past and V3 of most regular verbs, add – ed to the simple form. brush brushed play played Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
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Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
2. If the simple form ends with –e, just add d. race raced trade traded Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
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Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
3. If the simple form ends with a consonant + y, change the y to I and add -ed. bury buried dry dried Compare with vowel + y: play/played, enjoy/enjoyed Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
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Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
4. If the simple form of a one- syllable verb ends with a single vowel + consonant, double the final consonant and add -ed. plan planned shop shopped Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
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Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
5. If the simple form of a verb with two or more syllables ends in a single vowel + consonant, double the final consonant and add –ed only when the stress is on the final syllable. Do not double the final consonant if the stress is not on the final syllable. prefer preferred enter entered The final l is always doubled in British English, but not in American English: travel travel or travelled Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
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Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
6. Do not double the final consonants x, w and y. coax coaxed snow snowed stay stayed Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
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