1. 1 英語正音與口語表達 (I) 黃月貴 淡江大學 英文系專任教授兼 英語中心主任 10/01/2012

2. 2 Before we begin… ✤ Good pronunciation is very important for good spoken communication. What is good pronunciation? ✤ You don’t need to speak like a native speaker. ✤ Accent is fine as long as you speak clearly and do not prevent others from understanding you.

3. 3 What you should know about pronunciation ✤ Goals of Pronunciation instruction ✤ Native speaker myths ✤ “World Englishes” and Cross cultural communication ✤ Non-native speakers teaching pronunciation: issues of accent

4. 4 Sounds of English ✤ Sounds and spelling: Phonic rules ✤ English is not a phonetic language (as compared to Spanish) --When two vowels go walking, the first one does the talking. ex: ie; ei, ea, ae, io, oi, oo, eu, ue, ou --though; through; cough; rough; plough; ought; borough --business; turn, busy, bury, burst, tube, turn

5. 5 Sounds of English - continued ✤ ow: we bow before the king; you wear bow-tie; a bowl of rice; bowling; cow; a queen dowager, how, low, know-how ✤ ou: loue, have a bout with someone, cough-couch, double, doubt, mouse ✤ au: author, caught, caution, daughter, fault, gauge, laugh, taught, drought, draught ✤ O: move, woman, women, hot, top, ton, tone, gone, tomb, tome, bomb

6. 6 Pronunciation problems: letters Teach your students to pronounce these letters accurately: ✤ g: [d ʒ i] never “ju” [d ʒ u] as in Chinese 具 ✤ n: [ ɛ n] never [ən] ✤ l: [ ɛ l] never [ ɛ lo] ✤ x: [ ɛ ks] never [ ɛ kəs] ✤ http://film-english.com/2011/10/01/alphabet-lessons http://film-english.com/2011/10/01/alphabet-lessons

7. 7 Pronunciation problems for Chinese EFL x /ks/ should not be reduced to /s/ ex: excuse Do not replace /ŋ/ with /n/ ex: strength [streŋkθ] or [streŋθ] never [strenθ]

8. 8 /m/ is bilabial, with lips closed ex: The name of the game is the same. Do not drop tense markers -ed (voiced and voiceless consonants /d/, /t/ ) Pronunciation problems for Chinese EFL

9. 9 ✤ Long (tense) and short (relaxed) sounds: /i:/ vs /i/ chip/cheap live/leave it/eat bitch/beach shit/sheet fill/feel sit/seat Http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0lRYM-h5Pw&feature=relmfu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dasuQ9u8i0&feature=fvwrel Pronunciation problems for Chinese EFL

10. 10 Pronunciation problems for Chinese EFL Pronounce the following word pairs : error/arrow pose/pause test/taste later/letter pain/pen pant/paint

11. 11 Pronunciation tips ✤ Facial muscles are used more often in Standard American English(SAE) than in Chinese ✤ Open mouth wide as in lot, hot, spot, honest, lock, fond, Ed ✤ Word stress: noun and verb ✤ Stressed vowels: long and loud (clear) ✤ Unstressed vowels (schwa /Ə/): unstressed vowels are short and soft

12. 12 Stress and Rhythm ✤ English is a stressed-timed language ✤ Stress in spoken sentence occurs at regular intervals and the time to say something depends on the number of stressed syllables rather than the number of unstressed syllables 1 2 3 4 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 1 and a 2 and a 3 and a 4 1 and then a 2 and then a 3 and then a 4

13. 13 How to pronounce word stress ✤ When a syllable is stressed, it is pronounced ✤ louder ✤ longer ✤ higher in pitch

14. 14 Stress and rhythm - shrinking and linking Example I ✤ Sue likes jokes. ✤ Susan isn’t hungry. ✤ Samantha doesn’t like spaghetti. Example II ✤ Students take test. ✤ The students are taking the test. ✤ The students have been taking the test.

15. 15 Stress and rhythm: sentence stress ✤ Sentence stress is the music of spoken English. Like word stress, sentence stress can help you to understand spoken English, especially when spoken fast. ✤ Sentence stress is what gives English its rhythm or "beat". You remember that word stress is accent on one syllable within a word. Sentence stress is accent on certain words within a sentence.

16. 16 Online source for pronunciation Pronunciation: Difficult words (Lisa Mojsin) ✤ http://bit.ly/OnXEDD http://bit.ly/OnXEDD ✤ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dasuQ9u8i0&feature=fvwrel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dasuQ9u8i0&feature=fvwrel

17. 17 Pronunciation: online sources More source here…Don’t miss the video series by Rebecca Linquist on articulation, accent modification and communicative competence. ✤ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSxNs4a8ELc&feature=relmfu (slow down your speech) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSxNs4a8ELc&feature=relmfu ✤ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8Vlk1CZBbQ&feature=relmfu (articulation exercise) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8Vlk1CZBbQ&feature=relmfu ✤ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSiTY4_8rOc (overcoming sluggish articulation) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSiTY4_8rOc ✤ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYHt0cUDkW0&feature=relmfu (reality tv part I) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYHt0cUDkW0&feature=relmfu ✤ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFwBElqYhY8&feature=relmfu (reality tv part II) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFwBElqYhY8&feature=relmfu

18. 18 Practice doesn’t make perfect; perfect practice makes perfect !