1. Greek I Punctuation, Syllabification and Introduction to English Nouns (Chapters 4-5)

2. The NT Text  oi[tine,j eivsin VIsrahli/tai( w-n h` ui`oqesi,a kai. h` do,xa kai. ai` diaqh/kai kai. h` nomoqesi,a kai. h` latrei,a kai. ai` evpaggeli,ai( 5 w-n oi` pate,rej kai. evx w-n o` Cristo.j to. kata. sa,rka( o` w'n evpi. pa,ntwn qeo.j euvloghto.j eivj tou.j aivw/naj( avmh,nÅ Romans 9:4-5

3. Overview of Tonight’s Lesson  Four Greek punctuation marks and three accents.  Syllabification: dividing a Greek word into syllables in order to be able to pronounce it correctly.  Introduction to English Nouns

4. Greek Punctuation  avpekri,qh VIhsou/j kai. ei=pen auvth/|( Eiv h;|deij th.n dwrea.n tou/ qeou/ kai. ti,j evstin o` le,gwn soi( Do,j moi pei/n( su. a'n h;|thsaj auvto.n kai. e;dwken a;n soi u[dwr zw/nÅ  le,gei auvtw/| Îh` gunh,Ð( Ku,rie( ou;te a;ntlhma e;ceij kai. to. fre,ar evsti.n baqu,\ po,qen ou=n e;ceij to. u[dwr to. zw/nÈ (John 4:10-11)  In sum Commas and periods are the same in Greek as they are in English. In Greek, a period above the line is a semi-colon and a semi-colon is a question mark.

5. Diacritical Marks  Diaeresis – We learned about this last time. Examples: naïve, Mwu?sh/j  Elision – when certain prepositions and conjunctions end in vowels and the following word also begins in a vowel, the vowel of the first word drops off and is replaced by an apostrophe (similar to a contraction in English; don’t confuse with smooth breathing). ou-toj h=lqen eivj marturi,an i[na marturh,sh| peri. tou/ fwto,j( i[na pa,ntej pisteu,swsin diV auvtou/Å (John 1:7) oi] ouvk evx ai`ma,twn ouvde. evk qelh,matoj sarko.j ouvde. evk qelh,matoj avndro.j avllV evk qeou/ evgennh,qhsanÅ (John 1:13)

6. Diacritical Marks  Accents – Almost every Greek word has an accent mark. It is placed over a vowel and shows which syllable receives the stress. There are 3 kinds:  evn auvtw/| zwh. h=n( kai. h` zwh. h=n to. fw/j tw/n avnqrw,pwn\ (John 1:4) Acute – pitch goes up. Grave – pitch goes down. Circumflex – pitch goes up, then down.  For our purposes in pronunciation, we will simply stress the syllable that has the accent (see advanced information, pp. 20-21, for rules on accent placement).  Sometimes an accent changes the meaning of a word. ti,j means “who” tij means “someone” See appendix in Mounce for more like these (p. 338).

7. Syllabification – How to Divide Words for Pronunciation  There is one vowel (or dipthong) per syllable. av kh ko, a menmar tu rou/ men  A single consonant by itself (not a cluster) goes with the following vowel. e` w ra,ka menev qe a sa, me qa  Two consecutive vowels that do not form a dipthong are divided. ev qe a sa, me qa~H sa i< aj  A consonant cluster that can not be pronounced together is divided, and the first consonant goes with the preceding vowel. e;m pro sqenavr ch/j

8. Syllabification – How to Divide Words for Pronunciation  A consonant cluster that can be pronounced together goes with the following vowel. Cri sto,jgra fh,  Double consonants are divided. Av pag ge,l lo menpar rh si, a  Compound words are divided where joined. Avn ti, cri stoj evk ba,l lw

9. Vocabulary for Chapter 4

10. Introduction to English Nouns Grammatical Terminology

11. Inflection  Inflection is the phenomena of a word’s form changing when it performs different functions in a sentence. She will fail the class. The teacher failed her.  English is not highly inflected, but Greek is.

12. Grammatical Concepts Associated with Inflection  Case – The individual form of a word as it performs a particular function in a sentence. In English there are 3 cases: Subjective – performs the action of the verb. Objective – receives the action of the verb, or serves as the object of a preposition. Possessive – as the name implies, shows possession. The main words in English that change their forms according to the function they perform are pronouns, e.g. he, him, his.

13. Grammatical Concepts Associated with Inflection  Number – A word can be either singular or plural, depending on whether it refers to one or more than one.  Gender – Some words (again, mostly pronouns in English) change their form depending upon whether they are referring to a masculine, feminine, or neuter object. He gave it to her. All 3 pronouns are third personal singular. Natural gender is when a word takes on the gender of the object it represents. This is the exception rather than the rule in Greek.

14. Grammatical Concepts Associated with Inflection  Declension – the full pattern of different cases for a particular word (see pp. 345-46 in Mounce).

15. English Parts of Speech and Parts of a Sentence  Noun Names a person, place, or thing.  Adjective Modifies a noun or pronoun.  Preposition Depicts relationship between two other words. The noun or pronoun following the preposition is its object.  Subject Subject of the verb and its modifiers.  Predicate Everything other than the subject, including verb, direct object, etc.  Definite article “the”  Indefinite article “a” or “an”

16. Greek Verbs  We will concentrate on nouns and adjectives first, then do verbs.  But in order to do the exercises, you need to know that concerning verbs, it’s all in the ending! (see p. 363).  Greek verbs have the subject built in; you will need to add it when you translate.

17. For Next Week  Vocabulary quiz on words at the end of chapter 4.  Workbook Exercise 4 is due. This exercise is over the material that we covered tonight in class.  Read Chapter 6, “Nominative and Accusative; Definite Article”