1. Is there critical age for second language learning? 3308 심리언어학 Steinberg & Schiarini 2006, Chapter 6

2. Age of acquisition Characteristics of age - It is easy to define and measure than personality, attitude, or motivation -The relationship between a learner’s age and success in second language acquisition is the subject of much lively debate.

3. Age of acquisition What makes the difference between young learners and adults in second language learning? -Differences of accent -Word choice - Grammatical features

4. Critical Period Hypothesis -A specific time in human development: somewhere around puberty -Developmental changes in the brain - Losing the innate biological ability

5. Critical Period Hypothesis Intuition of grammaticality -The earlier the age of arrival, the better the participants perform on the second language learning.  Patkowski (1980); Johnson and Newport (1989); Mayberry and Lock (2003)

6. Critical Period Hypothesis Intuition of grammaticality -Learners who begin to acquire a language after puberty can reach near-native levels.  Birdsong (1992); Wuijtswinkel (1994); White and Grenesee (1996); Birdsong and Molis (2001); Mayberry and Lock (2003)

7. Critical Period Hypothesis Intuition of grammaticality - There is no critical age in terms of acquiring the syntax of a second language.

8. Critical Period Hypothesis Mastery of the spoken language -Native-like mastery of the spoken language is difficult to attain by older learners.  Mack (1986); Perani et al. (2003); Scovel (1988)

9. Critical Period Hypothesis Mastery of the spoken language -Henry Kissinger: 15 years old (German accent) -Zbigniew Brzezinski: 10 years old (Polish accent) - Arnold Schwarzenegger: 21 years old (German accent, born in Australia)

10. Critical Period Hypothesis Mastery of the spoken language -Adults can pick up near-native foreign language pronunciation  Matsui (2000) -Special brain exercises are even reported to help people regain language functions despite various deficits.  Ariniello (2000)

11. Critical Period Hypothesis Mastery of the spoken language - - “ a very high motivation.. continued access to target language input.. and intensive instruction in the perception and in the production of the speech sounds…” (Bongaerts et al., 1995, 1997).