1. Ch 5.2 Why is English Related to Other Languages?

2. Ch 5.2 Why is English Related to Other Languages?
Accent
Dialect
Languages that are related can
be organized by using a tree for a diagram.
Language
Language Group
(clump of leaves)
Language Branch
Language Family (trunk)
Super Language Families (roots)

3. (about half the world speaks)
Indo-European
Language Families
(about half the world speaks)
All these
languages are related
through a
common
ancestral
language that existed before recorded history.

4. Indo-European Language Families 8 Branches Germanic Romance (Latin)
Indo-Iranian
Balto-Slavic
Greek
Celtic
Albanian (Anatolian)
Armenian

6. 5.2 Bellwork Organize the language classification
categories from largest (most
inclusive) to the smallest (most specific). Then arrange
the specific examples of each category in their correct places.
Possible Categories
Language branch
Language group
Language subgroup
Language family
Dialect
Language
Accent
You can use a chart OR
You can use a tree.

7. 5.2 Bellwork Organize the language classification
categories from largest (most
inclusive) to the smallest (most specific). Then arrange
the specific examples of each category in their correct places.
Categories Examples
Language branch English
Language group Indo-European
Language family Boston
Dialect West Germanic
Language Northeastern
Accent Germanic
You can use a tree.

8. Language classification
Categories
Language branch
Language group
Language subgroup
Language family
Dialect
Language
Accent
Language classification
Example
Examples
Northeastern
English
Indo-European
Boston
Low Germanic
Germanic
West Germanic

9. Language classification
Example
Language Family
Indo-European
Language Branch
Germanic
Language Group
West Germanic
Language Subgroup
Low Germanic
Language
English
Dialect
Northeastern
Accent
Boston

10. Indo-European Germanic Western Germanic Low Germanic English
Northeastern dialect
Boston accent

11. Language classification
Categories
Language branch
Language group
Language family
Dialect
Language
Accent
Language classification
Example
Examples
German
Indo-European
High Germanic
Germanic
West Germanic

12. Language classification
Example
Language Family
Indo-European
Language Branch
Germanic
Language Group
West Germanic
Language Subgroup
High Germanic
Language
German

13. Indo-European
Germanic
West Germanic
High Germanic
German

14. Language classification
Categories
Language branch
Language group
Language family
Dialect
Language
Accent
Language classification
Example
Examples
Norwegian
Indo-European
Germanic
North Germanic

15. Language classification
Example
Language Family
Indo-European
Language Branch
Germanic
Language Group
North Germanic
Language
Norwegian

16. Indo-European
Germanic
North Germanic
Norwegian

17. Indo-European Language Family - Germanic Branch
West Germanic (cool colors-blue)
English (514 million)
German (128)
Dutch (21)
North Germanic (warm colors-red)
Danish (5)
Norwegian (5)
Swedish (9)

18. Language classification
Categories
Language branch
Language group
Language family
Language
Language classification
Example
Examples
Urdu & Hindi
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Indic (Eastern)

19. Language classification
Example
Language Family
Indo-European
Language Branch
Indo-Iranian
Language Group
Indic
(eastern group)
Language
Urdu (Pakistan)
Hindi (India)

20. Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Indic
Urdu & Hindi

22. Language classification
Categories
Language branch
Language group
Language family
Language
Language classification
Example
Examples
Persian (Farsi)
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian (Western)

23. Language classification
Example
Language Family
Indo-European
Language Branch
Indo-Iranian
Language Group
Iranian
(western group)
Language
Persian (Farsi)

24. Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
Persian

25. Language classification
Categories
Language branch
Language group
Language family
Language
Language classification
Example
Examples
East Slavic
Indo-European
Russian
Balto-Slavic

26. Language classification
Example
Language Family
Indo-European
Language Branch
Balto-Slavic
Language Group
East Slavic
Language
Russian

27. Indo-European
Balto-Slavic
East Slavic
Russian

28. Language classification
Categories
Language branch
Language group
Language family
Language
Language classification
Example
Examples
South Slavic
Indo-European
Serbian
Balto-Slavic

29. Language classification
Example
Language Family
Indo-European
Language Branch
Balto-Slavic
Language Group
South Slavic
Language
Serbian (also Bosnian, Croatian)

30. Indo-European
Balto-Slavic
South Slavic
Serbian

31. Language classification
Categories
Language branch
Dialect
Language group
Language family
Language
Language classification
Example
Examples
Castilian
Romance
Indo-European
Spanish

32. Language classification
Example
Language Family
Indo-European
Language Branch
Romance
Language Group --
Language
Spanish
Dialect
Castilian

33. Indo-European
Romance
Spanish
Castilian

34. Indo-European Language Family - Romance Branch
Like English, these languages have spread by Colonialism (mostly in Latin America).
1. Spanish (425 mil.) French (129)
2. Portuguese (194) Italian (62) most in Brazil Romanian (26)

35. Indo-European Family - Romance Branch
The Roman Empire, at its height in 2nd century A.D., extinguished many local languages. After the fall of Rome in the 5th century, communication declined and languages evolved again.
Literature was all written in Latin until the 13th and 14th centuries.
Vulgar Latin: (non-standard / slang version of Latin) spread by Roman soldiers and spoken in many Roman provinces.

36. CREOLE - a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with an indigenous language and becomes the mother tongue of people.
Can you guess which colonizing language is the base for each of the following creoles?
New Orleans’ French Quarter
1. mo pe aste sa banan 2. de bin alde luk dat big tri 3. a waka go a wosu 4. olmaan i kas-im chek 5. li pote sa bay mo 6. dis smol swain i bin go fo maket
I am buying the banana they always looked for a big tree he walked home the old man is cashing a check he brought that for me this little pig went to market
French
English
English
French
German
English

37. Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European Languages
It can not be proven that there was a single ancestor to the Indo-European language family but there is evidence that a Proto-Indo-European language did exist.
Evidence is found in similar words in different languages such as oak, bear, deer, and pheasant and other words that could have been a part of daily life.
Indo-European languages share similar words for winter and snow, but not for ocean. Linguists believe that the Proto-Indo-European language came from a cold climate that did not have contact with the ocean.

38. Kurgan Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin
(by Marija Gimbutas)
CONQUEST
theory
Started in
Russia/Kazakhstan
Nomadic herders
& warriors used
domesticated
horses to conquer
Europe and Asia

39. Anatolian Hearth Theory (by Renfrew)
AGRICULTURAL theory
From Turkey, diffused throughout Europe along with agricultural practices, not warfare

40. Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European Language Theories
Because language groups were isolated, distinct languages developed.

41. Ch 5.2 Quiz

42. Ch 5.2 Quiz
Related languages are organized by the following hierarchy A. branch-family-group B. family-group-branch C. group-family-branch D. family-branch-group E. branch-group-family

43. Ch 5.2 Quiz
English is part of which language group? A. Germanic B. North Germanic C. West Germanic D. Indo-European E. Romance

44. Ch 5.2 Quiz
English is part of which language family? A. Germanic B. North Germanic C. West Germanic D. Indo-European E. Romance

45. Ch 5.2 Quiz
Which of the following is NOT a Romance language? A. Bulgarian B. Italian C. Portuguese D. Romanian E. French

46. Ch 5.2 Quiz
The most widely spoken language in Brazil is? A. Creole B. French C. Portuguese D. Spanish E. Catalan

47. Ch 5.2 Quiz
A creolized language is A. extinct. B. a mix of indigenous and colonial languages. C. an isolated language family. D. a possible prehistoric superfamily. E. a revived formerly extinct language.

48. Ch 5.2 Quiz
The two most important languages in South America are A. Dutch and English. B. English and Spanish. C. French and Spanish. D. Portuguese and Creole. E. Portuguese and Spanish.

49. Ch 5.2 Quiz
The most widely spoken Indo-European language is A. English. B. Hindi. C. Spanish. D. Bengali. E. French.

50. Ch 5.2 Quiz
Indo-European is divided into 8 branches. Which is NOT one of the major branches from the Indo-European family? A. Romance B. Celtic C. Indo-Iranian D. Germanic E. Balto-Slavic

51. Ch 5.2 Quiz
Scientists agree that a Proto-Indo-European language existed from which all Indo-European languages were derived, but disagree where its hearth was located. Which theory places its hearth in present-day Kazakhstan? A. Anatolian Migration theory B. Proto Migration theory C. Renfrew Agricultural theory D. Kurgan Conquest theory E. Gray Language Spread theory