1. Word Relations, Sense Relations and Doublets
Concepts and forms from Lesson XXII

2. Word Relations
Words mean what they mean because they contrast with other words or word choices.
Euphemism
Hyperbole
Oppositions: analog watch, acoustic guitar, grandé, economy, superior, satisfactory, whip, mix, frappé, blend, liquefy.

3. Word Relations Taxonomy: hierarchical relations
Meronymy: part-whole relations
Synonymy: shared designation
Antonymy: relations of opposition

4. Kinds of Antonyms Gradable antonyms Simple antonyms Converses Reverses
Antipodals

5. Gradable Antonyms versus Simple Antonyms
Gradable antonyms (e.g., young-old, fast-slow) welcome various kinds of intensifers: very, really, extremely, a lot.
Simple antonyms (e.g., male-female, extant-extinct) do not.
Gradable antonyms can both be false.
Simple antonyms cannot both be false.

6. Gradable Antonyms versus Simple Antonyms
Which of the following pairs of antonyms are simple and which are gradable?
private-public
clean-dirty
enemy-friend
cold-hot
temporary-permanent
young-old
legal-illegal

7. Sense Relations
A word with two or more possible meanings is called an ambiguous word.
There are two sources of ambiguity: homonymy and polysemy.
A word with multiple possible meanings need not be ambiguous; it may simply be vague.

8. A Test for Ambiguity Take a sentence containing and.
Assume one sense of your ambiguous word on one side of the and and another sense on the other: Pat went to the bank and so did Leslie, Pat and Leslie went to the bank.
Is the result odd or funny?
If so, the word you’re testing is ambiguous.

9. Doublets
Definition. A pair of English words descended from a common base in Latin, one of which was borrowed directly from Latin and the other of which came into English via French.
The Frenchified version of the Latinate word tends to have missing or ‘softened’ consonants, and altered vowel qualities, especially diphthongs.

10. feat (fait)/fashion (façon) fact/faction
Doublets
FACT
feat (fait)/fashion (façon) fact/faction
REG
royal (royale) regal

11. Can you Guess the Doublet?
Fashion
Chase
Grace
Balm
Comply
Overture
Hostel

12. New Bases (XXII)
GRAT
MISC, MIXT
MOV, MOT
NEG
PURG
VULG