1. Vineyard effects on grape production and wine quality emphasizing YANC concentrations at harvest Penticton, BC July 16th, 2013.

2. BC Wine and Grape Council &AAFC Funding G. Neilsen, K. Hannam, D. Neilsen, T. Forge, P. Bowen & C. Bogdanoff (AAFC-PARC) & A. Midwood (Scotland) Various cooperating vineyards and wineries Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Industry/Government Collaboration

3. Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen: Arginine Ammonium Proline Ammonium & Primary Amino Acids:

4. Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen: Arginine Ammonium Proline Ammonium & Primary Amino Acids:

5. includes NH 4 + & amino acids (- proline) determines rate of fermentation & wine quality 200-480 mg N/L 140 mg N/L incomplete fermentation ‘stuck’ fermentation 0 OPTIMAL Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen:

6. 200-480 mg N/L 140 mg N/L incomplete fermentation ‘stuck’ fermentation 0 VARIETYmg N/L Merlot48.4 & 67.9 Pinot Noir69.5 Cabernet Sauvignon71.0 & 71.5 OPTIMAL

7. Vineyard Management Practices Altered Irrigation N Fertilization (Rate, Timing & Form) Crop Load Reduction

8. Total Annual Water Applied by Growth Stage Site 1, 2005-2007 (Irrigation + Precipitation) 200520062007 2005200620072005200620072005 2006 2007

9. Trial 1 (PARC): Irrigation x N Fertilization 100% ET daily 100% ET every 3 days

10. Trial 1: Irrigation x N Fertilization - applied twice (1/2 at bud break & 1/2 at full bloom)

11. Trial 1: Irrigation x N Fertilization 20062007200820092010 Yield Berry wt. ▼ Sugars *▼ pH ▲▲▲

12. Organic Matter and N Organic Matter (%) 1.31.8 Organic Matter (kg/ha)26,00036,000 C (kg/ha)15,34021,240 N (kg/ha)1,5342,124 Mineralizable N (kg/ha)153212 Annual fertilizer N (kg/ha)40-45

13. Organic matter (%) Particulate C (g/kg soil) Mineral C (g/kg soil) Tillage4.8c12.5bc20.1bc Alfalfa7.1a15.7b25.8b Bark mulch15.2a37.9a38.2a Black plastic4.9c11.0c17.7c ****** Conventional2.3d3.2d11.5c Un-irrigated3.1d12.8bc12.9c Soil Carbon

14. PARC: Merlot harvest timing and YANC Commercial harvest

15. Trial 3: Irrigation x Crop Load Reduction - applied when grapes are pea-sized

16. Trial 3: Irrigation x Crop Load Reduction

17. Summary: Management effects Effect on Yeast Assimilable N Altered Irrigation- decreased (not always significant) as irrigation increased N Fertilization- increased only with higher rates of N - bloom-time applications better for Merlot - compost fertigation adjustments Crop Load Reduction- slightly increased Early Harvest- slightly lower

18. White -Viognier -Pinot Gris Red -Pinot Noir -Cabernet Sauvignon (2) -Merlot (2) Seven Commercial Vineyards (older than 10 yrs):

19. low organic matter (1.3 to 1.8%) low native fertility low moisture-holding capacity high pH ( 7.2 to 7.6) susceptibility to leaching under drip irrigation All sites – Osoyoos loamy sand Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada

20. Treatment details Treatment # YearTreatment Details 12010Industry program only (40-50 kg N/ha early in the season) 2011 & 2012“

21. Treatment details Treatment # YearTreatment Details 12010Industry program only (40-50 kg N/ha early in the season) 2011 & 2012“ 220101% foliar urea spray 2011 & 2012‘N-serve N’

22. Treatment details Treatment # YearTreatment Details 12010Industry program only (40-50 kg N/ha early in the season) 2011 & 2012“ 220101% foliar urea spray 2011 & 2012‘N-serve N’ 320102% foliar urea spray 2011 & 2012“

23. Testing a range of foliar spray concentrations 12% urea – after 1 st application 2% urea – after 2 nd application 6% urea – after 2 nd application

24. Treatment details Treatment # YearTreatment Details 12010Industry program only (40-50 kg N/ha early in the season) 2011 & 2012“ 220101% foliar urea spray 2011 & 2012‘N-serve N’ 320102% foliar urea spray 2011 & 2012“ 42010Soil application of urea 2011 & 2012“

25. Treatment details Treatment # YearTreatment Details 12010Industry program only (40-50 kg N/ha early in the season) 2011 & 2012“ 220101% foliar urea spray 2011 & 2012‘N-serve N’ 320102% foliar urea spray 2011 & 2012“ 42010Soil application of urea 2011 & 2012“ 52010½ urea applied to soil and ½ as 1% foliar urea spray 2011 & 2012“

26. Application Timing (3 x) YearApplication DatesVeraison Assessed% VeraisonHarvest Dates 2010July 29 to Aug. 26Aug. 2093-96%Sept. 28 to Oct. 27 2011Aug. 7 to Sept. 7Sept. 740-80%Sept. 26 to Oct. 27 2012Aug. 8 to Sept. 5Aug. 2730-95+%Sept. 24 to Oct. 22

27. Summary: Yeast-Assimilable Nitrogen TreatmentNumber of vineyard years with increased YANC Number of possible vineyard years % increased YANC relative to the control 1% foliar urea spray5771% N-serve-N21414% 2% foliar urea spray172181% Soil urea42119% Soil urea & foliar urea spray (split)71546%

28. Grape quality measurements at commercial harvest Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Sample = 144 berries - 4 berries from upper, mid & lower cluster x 12 clusters Analysis of Juice: - Soluble solids - pH - titratable acidity - Yeast assimilable N (YANC) by formol titration 1 upper mid lower 1 Formol method adapted from Zoecklein BW, Fuselang KC, Gump BH and Nury, F. 1999. Wine Analysis and Production. Chapman & Hall, New York, NY. 621p.

29. Yeast-Assimilable Nitrogen Site 1 – Cabernet Sauvignon

30. Ammonium 2011

31. Amino acids Other Arginine Proline Other Arginine Proline 2010 2011

32. Effects on yield & canopy growth VariableYearRangeTreatment effects Yield (kg/vine)20101.7 - 3.7NS 20112.4 – 4.8NS 20122.0 – 4.61 site Canopy density201012 - 241 site (% open space)20116 - 30NS 20123 - 121 site

33. Effects on fruit composition VariableYearRangeTreatment effects pH20103.3 – 3.7NS 20113.5 – 3.8NS 20123.4 – 3.7NS Soluble Solids201021.5 – 28.11 site 201119.9 – 24.82 sites 201222.2 – 26.92 sites

34. Wine composition

35. Ethyl Carbamate Safety threshold (Can) – 30ppb Control – 13.7ppb 2% foliar spray – 16.3ppb

36. Soil N status at site 1(March, 2012) ControlFoliar

37. Soil N status all treatments, all sites (March, 2012)

38. Conclusions YANC Multiple foliar urea applications applied across a range of commercial cultivars: –Increased YANC at harvest –Incorporated into amino acids –Few negative consequences for yield, vigour (canopy density) or fruit quality (soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH) –No soil N accumulation

39. Potassium (2 industry sites) Cabernet FrancChardonnay Control 200 kg K/ha/yr400 kg K/ha/yr

40. Potassium (Yr 2) Petiole K (% dw)Juice K (mg/L)Juice pH Cabernet Franc Control (60-80 kg/ka)3.32b3563.4 400 kg/ha4.16a4713.4 *NS Chardonnay Control (60-80 kg/ha)4.03b5053.4 400 kg/ha4.32a5713.4 *NS

41. Petiole K at bloom (BC) 2.5 4.5 Adequate range

42. Magnesium (Yr 2) Petiole Mg (% dw)Juice Mg (mg/L) Cabernet Franc Control (60-80 kg/ka)0.6552 400 kg/ha0.5749 NS Chardonnay Control (60-80 kg/ha)0.4961 400 kg/ha0.4559 NS

43. Petiole Mg at bloom (BC) 0.3 1.5 Adequate range

44. Conservative Soil Management (PARC) Irrigation Treatments: - drip - microsprinkler Soil Amendments: - composted grape pomace - mulch - fertigation with N or NPKB

45. Partitioning soil and root respiration for GHG studies –Kirsten Hannam (UBCO)

46. Soil/organic matter management – implications for N nutrition New PARC-led national project funded under the Organic Science Cluster Overall objective: Determine effects of municipal composts acceptable for organic production on soil health indicators and productivity of horticultural crops Winegrape component (collab. with Mission Hill): – (1) Comparative effects of multiple composts produced in BC, and – (2) the interactive effects of irrigation method (drip vs microsprinkler) with compost application on: Soil health indicators, soil N status, water relations, vigour and grape quality (including YANC) Emphasis on long-term changes in soil organic matter (quantity and quality), soil food web structure and soil N supply capacity

47. Related research in modeling- climate High resolution climate data Daily, 500m x 500m grid Climate change projections For water demand and crop suitability modeling 1971 - 2000 Historic 2071-2100 HadCM3_A2 1971 - 2000 Historic 2071-2100 HadCM3_A2 1971 - 2000 Historic 2071-2100 HadCM3_A2 0 2800 1200 800 400 2400 2000 1600 Up to 25% increase in frost free days Up to 100% increase in growing degree days 10C Up to 25% increase in potential ET

48. Thank you Questions?