2. Clinical Group n Biology of HIV infection n by Duangrat Inthorn n Mechanism of Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Protease Inhibitors n by Tawitch Suriyo n Animal Models for HIV n by Pornpat Intarasunanont

3. Clinical Group (continue) n Clinical Trails- Crixivan n by Somjed Sahasitiwat n Clinical Trails-Drug Interactions and Side Effects n by Peerakarn Banjerdkij n Combination Therapy and Resistance n by Ormrat Kampeerawipakorn

4. Clinical Group (continue) nTnTnTnTargeting of the CD4 Binding Site by Tan Swee Huang nGnGnGnGene Therapy nbnbnbnby Pairoaj Vonghathaipaisarn nDnDnDnDNA vaccines nbnbnbnby Zhang Jianjun

5. The Biology of HIV Infection Asst. Prof. Dr. Duangrat Inthorn Dept. of Environmental Health Science, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University

6. Scope n Biology of HIV, structure of HIV, genome of HIV, life cycle of HIV n HIV -1 and related Retrovirus n How it might be stopped (Drug development)

7. Introduction The virus that cause AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, AIDS) is HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV) Homosexual have Pneumocyatis carnii together with herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus and Candida Kaposi’s sarcoma- KS is a few case in healthy person

8. Structure of HIV -Outer lipid bilayer coat studded with surface (SU, gp 120) -transmembrane (TM, gp41) glycoprotein complexs -beneath the lipid bilayer are matrix proteins (MA) -the virion consist of internal capsular (CA) and nuclear capsid (NC) proteins which surround the single stranded RNA genome.

9. HIV virion - show the components and their genetic source -the matrix (MA), internal capsular (CA), and nuclear capsid (NC) proteins -produce by the gag region -contain gene products of the pol region- RT, integrase and protease.

10. The Genome of HIV n HIV genome is 9749 nucleotides about the same size as any other retrovirus, for example Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) n But genome of HIV is more complex than RSV since it has extra open reading frames that clearly code for small proteins.

11. The Genome of HIV n The HIV genome has nine open reading frames but 15 proteins are made in all n The GAG/POL polyprotein and the ENV polyprotein are cleaved into several proteins: n GAG is cleaved to: MA (matrix), CA(capsid), NC (nucleocapsid), p6

12. n POL is cleaved to: PR(protease), RT(reverse transcriptase), IN (integrase) n ENV is cleaved to : SU (gp120) and (gp41) n Of other proteins, three are incorporated into the virus (Vif, Vpr and Nef) while three are not found in the mature virus: Tat and rev are regulatory proteins and Vpu indirectly assists in assembly

13. TAT : Trans-Activator of Transcription REV : Regulator of Virion protein expression NEF : Negative Regulatory Factor VIF : Virion Infectivity Factor VPU : Viral Protein U VPR : Viral Protein R These genes encode small proteins. They overlap with the structural genes (especially ENV) but are different reading frames.