1. BIOTECHNOLOGY 101 (all you need to know in a few minutes) Peggy G. Lemaux CE Specialist Department of Plant and Microbial Biology UC Berkeley lemauxpg@nature.berkeley.edu or visit http://ucbiotech.org

3. Modern Corn and Ancient Teosinte Relative

16. Classical Breeding Utilizes plant machinery in the plant.Utilizes plant machinery in the laboratory. Genetic Engineering compared to Genetic exchange is random process involving entire genome. Only between closely related species. Control of when and where genes are expressed not controlled by breeder. Genetic exchange is involves specific, single gene. Source of gene from any living organism. Control of when and where gene is expressed can be controlled precisely.

17. How do we make transgenic plants? General method: 1.Prepare plant tissue 2.Transfer foreign DNA 3. Select for those plants with the foreign DNA 4. Grow many generations to ensure there is nothing abnormal about the plant

18. Molecular cloning involves creating recombinant DNA and introducing it into a host cell to be replicated. Molecular Cloning

19. What is Included in the Recombinant DNA? Gene of interestMarker On / Off Switch On / Off Switch

20. How do we transfer DNA to plants? Two ways: Agrobacterium - derived from nature - most common method used - doesn’t work with all plants Bombardment (gene gun) - physical force - used when Agrobacterium cannot

21. GE Corn Acreage, 2002 32% of total crop GE Soybean Acreage, 2002 75% of total crop GE Cotton Acreage, 2002 71% of total crop GE Canola Acreage, 2002 54% of total crop

23. Strawberries resistant to molds Tomatoes not attacked by root nematodes Grapes resistant to Pierce’s Disease Drought tolerant lettuce Peppers resistant to bacterial diseases Potatoes no longer susceptible to blight Sugar pine resistant to white pine blister rust Frost-tolerant pears Sample of possible engineered fruits and vegetables

29. Studies Trait Crop Animal Completed In Progress H.T.Corn Chicken- broilers 2 - H.T.Corn Beef cattle 1 - H.T.Corn Swine - 1 H.T. SBM Chicken-broilers 2 - H.T. SBM Dairy Cows 1 - H.T. SBM Catfish 1 - H.T. Canola Chickens - broilers 4 - H.T.Sugar beets Sheep 2 1 B.t. Corn Chicken - broilers 4 - B.t.Corn Chicken - layers 2 - B.t.Corn Catfish 1 - B.t.Corn Swine - 1 B.t.Forage Sheep 1 - B.t.Forage/Corn Dairy cows 1 4 B.t.Forage/Corn Beef cattle 1 5 H.T.: Herbicide tolerance B.t.: Insect protection Biotech product studies conducted by universities or scientific institutes

32. FROM SMALL FARMING OPERATIONS TO…

33. Diversity of Grape Varieties

34. …LARGE SCALE FARMING

37. What is Agrobacterium? Galls on a rose bush Galls on a Kalenchoe plant

38. Lab Process Agrobacterium add gene mix with plant cells Genetically modified plant cell

39. General Process of Bombardment Minute particles of gold, tungsten, or platinum are coated with DNA. Loaded onto a plastic bullet and placed into a barrel.

40. General Process of Bombardment The bullet is fired and the particles are shot into a plant. Plant cells get DNA particles. The DNA is released and the plant becomes genetically modified.