1. The Cray #1 Computer Internet Research

2. When we hear Cray, we think of…

3. We should think of… Seymour Cray (1925-1996) electrical engineer WW II veteran founded Control Data Corporation in 1957 designed and built the CDC 6600 in 1965 designed and built the Cray #1 in 1976 founded Cray Research (1972) founded Cray Computer Corporation (1983)

4. Prior to Cray #1 CDC 6600 (1965) “First Supercomputer” Take a peak: http://www.nersc.gov/~deboni/Computer. history/cdc_6600.html http://www.nersc.gov/~deboni/Computer. history/cdc_6600.html RISC architecture 400,000 transistors CPU could handle 60-bit words Memory: 2 MB, one 60-bit word per 0.1 microsecond User Interface: CRT

5. CDC 6600 1 instruction per 100 nanoseconds 10 function units Instruction buffer could hold FFT code up to 20 peripheral processors I/O functions quirk: job time – 5 octal digits … 9.1 hours http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CDC-6600- R-M.html http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CDC-6600- R-M.html

6. CDC 7600 CDC 7600… 4 times faster, due to pipelining http://www.cbi.umn.edu/exhibits/cray/c ray7600.html http://www.cbi.umn.edu/exhibits/cray/c ray7600.html Cray left CDC in 1972 to start Cray Research.

7. Cray #1 Clock Speed: 80 MHz 150 MFLOPS GRAPE: 1 TeraFLOP Memory: 8 MB 1976-installed at Los Alamos (8.6 million dollars) http://home.iae.nl/users/mhx/fl ops.html http://home.iae.nl/users/mhx/fl ops.html

8. More specs… Cray #1 200,000 specialized IC’s Circular C shape easy to interconnect components of computer No wire could be longer than 4 feet.

9. Cray #1 Uses Aircraft Design (A Cray “pays for itself”) Weather Modeling Nuclear Simulations Code-breaking

10. Cray #1 Registers V Registers – for vector processing (vector add/subtract) S Registers – for scalar processing T Registers – intermediate storage for scalar operations. A Registers -- for loop counting, I/O control, 8 24-bit registers Let’s look at the manual! http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CRAY-1- HardRefMan/CRAY-1-HRM.html http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CRAY-1- HardRefMan/CRAY-1-HRM.html

11. This sucka gets hot! Ya need Freon, baby! Cray pioneered the use of Freon to cool his supercomputers. http://research.microsoft.com/users/gb ell/craytalk/sld062.htm http://research.microsoft.com/users/gb ell/craytalk/sld062.htm

12. The End Cray #2: http://research.microsoft.com/users/gb ell/craytalk/sld067.htm http://research.microsoft.com/users/gb ell/craytalk/sld067.htm Cray MP Anyone want a GRAPE? http://grape.c.u- tokyo.ac.jp/~makino/grape4.html

13. References http://www.thocp.net/hardware/cray_1.htm http://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/home/tef/cray/obit.h tml http://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/home/tef/cray/obit.h tml http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_6600 http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/vs-cdc- 6600.html#Architecture http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/vs-cdc- 6600.html#Architecture http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/dsh/artifact s/GC-CRAY1.htm http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/dsh/artifact s/GC-CRAY1.htm http://www.thocp.net/hardware/cray_1.htm