1. Regional Training Workshop on Seed, Nursery and
Capacity Building for Sustainable Management of Mountain Watersheds in Central Asia and the Caucasus
GCP /SEC/002/TUR
Regional Training Workshop on Seed, Nursery and
Plantation Techniques in Semi-Arid Areas
8-12 April 2014, Eskisehir, Turkey
Income Generating and livelihood Improvement in the context of Watershed management Practices;
Turkey’s experiences
Mevlut Düzgün
TCDC Consultant

2. BASIC ELEMENTS OF A WATERSHED
UPPER WATERSHED (upland/highland)
Steep slops and undulating topography
Alpine meadow- livestock, grazing
Natural risks and extreme conditions- avalanche, flood,
extreme. weather etc.
Forest and water resources- management protection
and production
Rich natural resources- biodiversity, flora and fauna
Low- investments- inaccessibility, low input agriculture-
livestock- lack of agri-land, traditional ,high quality products
- Small Communities- towns, village, settlements
- Low income, simple infrastructure- low invest. poverty
Out migration- shortage of young population
Attractions- winter tourism, landscape, leisure activities,
holiday destinations, scientific interest, quality natural
resources, etc
LOWER WATERSHED (Plain/Lowland)
Key issue: Urbanization
Key subjects to be addressed
Moderate slops and flat topography
Intensive agriculture, high input, mechanization, massive
products, commercial products
Metropolis and big settlements – tows, cities, modern
facilities/Infrastructure
Industry- factories, employment, job
Highway, railway, airport etc. – heavy traffic, pollution
dams
- Overpopulation- pollution, noise, mega constructions
Social facilities- education, health, social security etc.
- High level external input- priority on government investm.

3. MOUNTAIN WATERSHED (upland/highland)
Key issues: Conservation/Rehabilitation of Natural Resources, Local Development/ Rural Development
Key characteristics and subjects to be addressed:
Steep slops and fragile ecosystems- Conservation
Pasture/alpine meadow- livestock, grazing
Natural risks and extreme conditions- protection measures for avalanche, flood, extr. weather etc.
Natural resources (e.g. niches, biodiversity, flora and fauna, forest, water etc.- management/protection and production, attraction
Low investments, inaccessibility, isolation/remoteness etc.- poverty, traditional agriculture/livestock, lack of arable land, ecologic agriculture, high quality products, marketing etc.
Small Communities (towns, village, settlements)- rural development measures
Low income, out migration- positive impact on natural resources, job opportunities for young population or lack of manpower
Attraction of urban population, holiday destinations- winter tourism, landscape, scientific interest, leisure activities etc.

4. DISADVANTAGES OF MOUTAIN WATERSHEDS
Marginality, less developed/less favorite areas
Lack of specific policy/strategy, less priority by public bodies
Unclear responsibility (state owned territories), management conflicts, less attention
Less synergy/integration, weak coordination among public institutions
Out migration, loss of manpower and interest
State of natural resources, mainly degraded in vicinity
Inaccessibility, remoteness, high cost of infrastructure,
Less interest by outsiders; less priority in investments, isolation, etc.
Land scarcity, small size and poor quality of private/arable lands
…..

5. DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES/POSIBILITIES OF MOUNTAIN WATERSHEDS
Increased interest; forest, water resources, land security, leisure activities, tourism, food, adventure etc.
Global/regional initiatives; IYM, FAO, WB, rural development programs etc.
Unspoiled assets; biodiversity, cultural and historical heritages,
Environmental concerns, over-population etc.; problem in urban places turning into opportunity
Changes on tourism concepts; rural tourism, agro-tourism, mountain sports, safaris etc,
Recent trends/perceptions of societies; Local-specific/quality products and other niches, biodiversity, cultural and historical places etc.

6. INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES
Income Generating Activity/Intervention
Is an intervention which provides capital or commodities that enhance the capacity of individuals or groups to generate income.
Income Generation interventions attempt to address poverty, unemployment, and lack of economic opportunities to increase ability to generate income and secure livelihoods

7. INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES (IGA)
Prerequisites/Minimum Requirements for Promoting IGA
Participation of all related stakeholders,
Selection of suitable pilot area(s),
Identification of right/correct interventions,
Appropriate budget allocation,
Work plan and timely implementation,
Actively interest and support of local people,
Interest and support of local public institutions/authorities,
Provide visible/demonstrative results
Follow up and replication

8. INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES
The expected impacts/targets of income generating interventions;
Positive impact for a better protection of natural resources and restoration of degraded ones e.g. forests, water, pastures etc. and increase the capacity of mitigation of climate change impacts and carbon storage,
Promoting innovative and adaptable opportunities and improving the livelihood and socio-economic circumstances of the people whose daily activities strongly affect the sustainability of natural resources around.
They should be environmentally sound, technically applicable, cost effective and locally acceptable.

9. INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES
Formulation and implementation process of income generating interventions
The stakeholders, interested/responsible actors
Villagers/local people,
Local, regional administrative leaders (village headmen, community leader, district governor, etc.,
Managers and staff of forestry, agriculture, civil engineering,
Local administration bodies(community/district /province etc.),
Regional and local specialists/experts on the related fields,
National and international consultants and project staff.

10. INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES
Phases/steps for determination and implementation
1-Area selection
Selection of micro-catchment
Selection of pilot area-village or villages
2-Collection/providing data/information,
3- Evaluation/assessment of data/information provided,
4- Field visit and validation/testing of existing data/information (baseline survey)
5- Discussion and decision making on the most appropriate interventions
Local assessments including simple RRA
village meetings, group meetings
meeting with related institutions and other stakeholders,
5- Identification of pilot interventions/activities
6- Identification of farmers/villagers and land
7- Preparation work plan, activity sheets, budget allocation etc.
8- Implementation and monitoring

11. THE YUNTDAGI MODEL PROJECT (TCP/TUR/3102)
CASE STUDY FROM TURKEY
THE YUNTDAGI MODEL PROJECT (TCP/TUR/3102)
PROJECT: Development of public participation and improvement of socio-economic prosperity in mountain communities; Yuntdagi Model, ,
Ministry of Environment and Forestry,
Ministry of Agriculture and Village Services, FAO, State Planning Organization (DPT), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Manisa Governorship, Other Local units, Associations, Unions, Cooperatives, NGOs etc.,
Selected villages in Yuntdağı region, Manisa province

12. 1. The project office (Yuntdagi Rural Initiative Center) in Turkmen
TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project
1. The project office (Yuntdagi Rural Initiative Center) in Turkmen 12
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

13. 2. Establishment of demonstrative grape yards in Recepli village
TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project,
2. Establishment of demonstrative grape yards in Recepli village .
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

14. TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project
3. Private afforestation and rehabilitation with commercial tree species
20.5 hectares of common land was planted by Stone pine, seedling provided from private family nursery in the village.
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

15. 4. Fodder crop production
TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project,
4. Fodder crop production
20 hectares, 33 farmers. fodder crop (vicia sativa)
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

16. 6. Establishment of solar energy systems in Turkmen
TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project,
6. Establishment of solar energy systems in Turkmen
10 houses, 15% of cost paid by house owners
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

17. TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project
7. Improvement of sheep growing and establishment of a washing pool for sheep herds
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

18. TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project
8. Processing equipment for local-specific products such as pasta, noodles, jam, grape syrup etc. .
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

19. 9. Contribution and improvement of the pistachio growing
TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project
9. Contribution and improvement of the pistachio growing
1000 of wild Pistachio trees of 35 farmers’ land in Turkmen and Recepli villages were grafted
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

20. TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project
5. Establishment of drip irrigation system for the grape yards in Turkmen
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

21. FINDING FROM SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project,
FINDING FROM SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
AND INTERVIEWS
A baseline survey conducted and a questionnaire was applied in 7 villages, 648 individuals with a random sampling method. 4 groups (farmers, women, youth and children),7 muhtars were interviewed
Major Findings
Agricultural income is about three quarters of the total income
Wheat is dominant, tobacco, wheat, grapes and milk are common
Hand crafts, tourism, organic agriculture are the major unused potentials of the area.
The women are found to be interested in training courses.
High level of immigration of the young generation
Small size, quality of the land, lack of water resources
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

22. FINDING FROM SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project,
FINDING FROM SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
AND INTERVIEW (2)
Negative impacts on cooperatives and producers unions.
Fruits and vegetables are desired despite lack of irrigation
Animal husbandry is maintained, but shortage of pastures
Willingness for courses on pest control, pruning, livestock, marketing
Employment opportunities in other sectors
Better irrigation conditions is expecting
Most women are un-paid family workers with primary school education
According to the women, unemployment, health care, hygiene are the main problems,
Open and hidden unemployment rate is high among young generation.
Only about 28% employed as paid workers in the industry.
Majority of those young individuals
Young generation wish to become public servants
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

23. TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project,
OUTPUTS OF LOCAL ACTIVITIES TO BE LINKED WITH NATIONAL MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
Experience how local bodies be involved in national programs and incentives (integration of local inst., effective cooperation),
The role of varieties of local income generating activities in such programs and projects (grape yards, Pistachio grafting, etc.)
Approaches on the protection/sustainable use of natural resources (drip irrigation, fodder crops, solar systems, tree plantation)
The importance of the participation of stakeholders (national and local bodies, villagers)
Satisfaction/convince of local people (visible results, priorities of local people, listening to farmers) 23 23 23

24. TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project,
OUTPUTS OF LOCAL ACTIVITIES TO BE LINKED WITH NATIONAL MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES (2)
Information dissemination (media campaign, training sessions, printed materials)
Common use of assets and facilities by local communities (project office, sheep washing pool, pistachio nursery, water resources)
New initiative of establishing of the user/interest groups (for each pilot activities (9 total), communication, contact and knowledge sharing among the group members)
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

25. INDIRECT IMPACTS AND OUTPUT OF THE PROJECT
TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project
INDIRECT IMPACTS AND OUTPUT OF THE PROJECT
State Hydrologic Service (SHS) has been pushed and facilitated on the sustainable and more economically and productive utilization of the water resources in the region.
A number of staff of the Ministry have been trained and get more involved in mountain subjects.
Interest by outsiders to the project (students from different faculties got knowledge, 5 national 1 foreign).
The outputs of the socio-economic survey made by the project can be used as ready data for other programs and projects in the region.
One FAO mission on water evaluation has selected to visit to the project area.
New demands for visiting to the project side.
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) 25

26. IMPACTS OF PILOT ACTIVITIES
Pilot activity: Promoting solar energy systems in Turkmen
As a renewable energy resource, solar energy system was established 10 houses which were randomly selected by the villagers then and its usefulness was introduced in a demonstrative manner.
Impacts on natural resources
Impacts on the income and socio-economic livelihood of local people
Link to the national mountain management strategies and policies
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

27. ESTABLISHMENT OF INTEREST GROUPS
GROUP 7: Sheep holders and sheep herds
Purpose:
Target group and members:
Possible activities:
Required materials/tolls for group activities:
Key persons/institutions responsible from the group activities:
The name of farmers who are the members of the user group of sheep growing and they participated to the training session
Name of farmer
Type and role in group
Ali KESİCİ
Mehmet VAROL
Ali ŞAHİN
Mestan GÜRCAN ….
…..
Sheep owner
Shepherd
Milk piker