1. What Does It Mean to Know Something? Externalism: I know something if my belief correctly matches the “external” world (even if I don’t know how it does) –A belief is warranted if it is based on a procedure that yields true beliefs; and it is justified if it is based on reliable information produced by such a procedure (reliabilism) –Production of such information is due to facts about the world (naturalism) Plantinga

2. An Objection to Externalism Even if the information I have is reliable and correct, I cannot be said to know it unless I (internally) know that it is reliable and correct Keith Lehrer

3. Good thinkers learn to spot what is reliable and correct by developing virtues of mind. For example, they strive to:  accept reliable testimony, avoid hasty generalizations, consider counter-arguments, be open-minded, persevere in inquiry, integrate beliefs, explain complex sets of data, recognize how knowledge is social  this is not a procedure; it is a way of life Linda Zagzebski Virtue Epistemology