1. Eucaryotes - Fungi: yeast and mold - Algae

2. Eucaryotes Fungi Fungi are which need to take nutrients from the environment for living. They are larger than bacteria.

3. Fungi Two major groups are yeast and mold.

4. Yeast Yeasts are very important economically: - Yeasts are responsible for fermentation of beer and bread. (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) - Ethanol production - Wastewater treatment: a mixed culture of yeasts Candida lipolytic Candida tropicalis, and Yarrowia lipolytica grown on hydrocarbons, or gas oil.

5. Yeast Yeasts are very important economically: - Yeasts and Bacterium xylinum cultures produce Kombucha, fermented sweetened tea. Yeasts: e.g.Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Candida stellata, Schizosaccharomyces pombe

6. Yeast http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mycology/sza_images_SEM.htm

7. Eucaryotes-Fungi Yeast is single-celled. Size: yeasts are 5 to 10 µm in diameter. Shape:. Reproduction:.

8. Eucaryotes-Fungi Yeasts Reproduction: asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction is by either or. Budding: a small bud cell forms on the cell, which gradually enlarge and separate from the mother cells. Most of the yeasts reproduce by budding. Baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

9. Budding

10. Yeast Budding http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mycology/sza_images_SEM.htm

11. Yeast Reproduction Asexual: Fission: similar to budding but the cells grow to certain size and divide into two equal cells. Only a few yeast species are reproduced by fission. e.g.Schizosaccharomyces pombe Sexual:

12. Eucaryotes-Fungi Molds Molds are filamentous and have a mycelial structure. Mycelium is highly branched system of tubes that contains mobile cytoplasm with many nuclei. Hypha is long, thin filaments on the mycelium.

13. Mold Molds are very important economically: - mushroom farming is a large industry in many countries. Agaricus bisporus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus_bisporus

14. Mold -Food industry The mixed culture including Penicillium sp. for cheese production. Aspergillus niger for citric acid production. -Antibiotics production. Penicillium notatum

15. Eucaryotes-Fungi Molds Size: When grow on solid surface, the filamentous form is 5-20 µm. When grow in submerge culture, it can form aggregates and pellets, 50 µm-1mm. - Cause nutrient transfer problem in the pellet

16. Eucaryotes-Fungi Mold Reproduction: Either by asexual or sexual means. Some molds form sexual spores which provide resistance against heat, freezing, drying and some chemical agents. Both asexual or sexual spores can germinate and form new hyphae.

17. Eucaryote-Algae Algae are usually unicellular or plantlike multicellular organism. Like plants, most algae use the energy of sunlight to make their own food, a process called photosynthesis. Algae lack the roots, leaves, and other structures typical of true plants. Algae contain chloroplast which is responsible for photosynthesis. Unicellular algae are considered in Microbiology E.g. Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta (brown, yellow-green algae)

18. Eucaryote-Algae They are in the size of 10-30 µm. Algae can reproduce asexually or sexually. Many of algae incorporate both sexual and asexual modes of reproduction. Algae contain alginic acid and agar.

19. Virus Not free-living organisms, of other living cells. Size: 30-200nm. Can not capture or store free energy. Not functionally active except when inside their host cells. Can do harm but also be useful biotechnology tools (e.g. vaccines). SARS Coronavirus virion

20. Virus Bacteriophage or phage: virus infecting bacteria. (Virus: virus infecting eukaryotes) Virus reproduction: - Virus contains genetic materials such as DNA and RNA which is covered by a protein coat called capsid. - They can reproduce only by invading and controlling other cells as they lack the cellular machinery for self-reproduction.

22. Section Summary Organism cells are highly diverse in terms of their adaptation to the living environment: Temperature, pH, oxygen, moisture, nutrients Shapes (bacteria): Coccus, Bacillus and Spirillum

23. Primary Classification Cellular Organism EucaryotesProcaryotesVirus not free-living organisms Have nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles? Yes No

24. Primary Classification Cellular Organism EucaryotesProcaryotesVirus Organelles: Mitochondria: powerhouse Endoplasmic reticulum: protein and lipid synthesis Lysosome: nutrient digestion enzymes Golgi: protein secretion and modification Vacuoles: food digestion, osmotic regulation and waste product storage Chloroplasts: photosynthesis not free-living organisms Have nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles? Yes No Fungi: yeast and mold Algae: (asexual or sexual reproduction)

25. Primary Classification Cellular Organism EucaryotesProcaryotesVirus not free-living organisms Have nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles? Yes No Cytoplasmic granules: - Ribosome: protein synthesis - Storage granules: source of key metabolites, including polysaccharides, lipids and sulfur granules. - Capsule - Pili - Flagella Eubacteria: gram-positive, gram- negative, non-gram, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria Archaebactria: methanogen Halogen thermoacidophiles Mostly asexual reproduction

26. Primary Classification Cellular Organism EucaryotesProcaryotesVirus: reproduce in the host cell Eubacteria: Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria Non-gram bacteria Actinomycetes Cynaobacteria Fungi: yeast, mold Algae: Reproduction: asexual or sexual Archaebateria: methanogen Halogen Thermoacidophiles not free-living organisms Have nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles? Yes No Asexual reproduction