1. Orientation behaviours: Kineses Taxes
Animal Behavior
Orientation behaviours:
Kineses
Taxes

2. Environmental Stimuli
A slater retreating to a daytime crevice could be responding to the dampness, darkness or coolness.
Can experiment to determine which factors influence behaviour

3. Experiments Can test effect of temperature, light, humidity
Choice chambers offer alternative conditions Fair test - all others factors are kept the same.
Can test effect of temperature, light, humidity

4. Simple Responses - immediate surroundings
Kineses and Taxes have an immediate benefit e.g. a slater moving into a damper place.

5. Taxes Movement towards or away from a stimulus
Positive = towards
Negative = away

6. Snails climb vertically upwards.
Taxes
Snails climb vertically upwards.
Negative geotaxis

7. Mosquitoes home in on warm flesh.
Taxes
Mosquitoes home in on warm flesh.
Positive thermotaxis

8. Blowfly maggots move rapidly away from a directional light source.
Taxes
Blowfly maggots move rapidly away from a directional light source.
Negative phototaxis

9. Positive phototaxis
Positive phototaxis = movement towards the light e.g. many swimming algae

10. Positive Chemotaxis
eg male moths following a pheromone trail given off by females

11. Negative Phototaxis Slime Mold
The direction of the light source is indicated by white rectangles.
e.g. earthworms

12. Positive chemotaxis Mosquitoes towards people along CO2 gradient
When a capillary tube filled with glucose is placed in a medium containing E. coli, the bacteria alter their locomotion so that they congregate near the opening of the tube.

13. Positive rheotaxis
Movement against a current e.g. salmon migrating upstream

14. Kinesis Animals have specific needs (eg food, humidity)
No information about the location of resource?
Undirected search
Kinesis = random movement due to the presence of a stimulus. The rate of activity is determined by the intensity of the stimulus – not the direction

15. Search methods
Undirected search: animal moves in a more or less straight line through unsuitable habitat.
Directed search: when it begins to perceive better conditions (the blue area) it slows down and turns sharper angles to stay in the vicinity of the improved conditions.

16. stimulus random movements to get away
slow down as animal gets further away
stimulus

17. ALTERNATIVELY
animal moves directly away in a straight line
stimulus

18. Hydrokinesis Orthokinesis = stimulus intensity determines speed
e.g. slater’s rate of movement is inversely proportional to the humidity

19. Thermokinesis
Klinokinesis = stimulus intensity determines rate of turning
eg lice turn less often at 30° - straight line. Human skin temp is about 35° lice more likely to linger at 35°.
35 o
30 o
Such simple behaviors allow an animal to continue making random orientation responses until it is in an environment favorable to its suvival. The behavior ceases until envionmental conditions change.
Human body louse
Orthokinesis and klinokinesis movies