1. 1 Chap. 19 Sec. 1

2. 2 Period after Civil War known as Gilded Age. Period after Civil War known as Gilded Age. gilded means “coated with thin layer of gold paint. gilded means “coated with thin layer of gold paint. Some believed glitter of society was hiding problems. Some believed glitter of society was hiding problems. Two concerns that shaped politics: Two concerns that shaped politics: Industrialists and other wealthy people were getting rich public’s expense. Industrialists and other wealthy people were getting rich public’s expense. Wide spread corruption or dishonesty in the government. Wide spread corruption or dishonesty in the government. The Gilded Age

3. 3 Spoils System Made popular by Andrew Jackson (1824) Made popular by Andrew Jackson (1824) (Patronage) – the Spoils System (Patronage) – the Spoils System Rewarded political supporters with government jobs. Rewarded political supporters with government jobs. Problems? Problems? - some were not qualified - led to corruption Reforms were needed Reforms were needed Rutherford Hayes started steps to end spoils system Rutherford Hayes started steps to end spoils system

4. 4 Steps at Reform Rutherford B. Hayes started steps to end spoils system Rutherford B. Hayes started steps to end spoils system James Garfield James Garfield Called for reform in civil service- all federal jobs except elected/military Called for reform in civil service- all federal jobs except elected/military Shot by an angry office seeker Shot by an angry office seeker

5. 5 Civil Service Commission In 1883 – the Pendleton Act created the Civil Service Commission In 1883 – the Pendleton Act created the Civil Service Commission responsible for filling jobs in the federal government on the basis of merit. responsible for filling jobs in the federal government on the basis of merit. Set-up exams for federal jobs- those who scored highest got the position Set-up exams for federal jobs- those who scored highest got the position Set-up to end spoils system Set-up to end spoils system Chester Arthur- worked with Congress to help end spoils system Chester Arthur- worked with Congress to help end spoils system

6. 6 Controlling Big Business Big business controlled the government Big business controlled the government Reformers wanted help against railroads and monopolies Reformers wanted help against railroads and monopolies In 1887 - Interstate Commerce Act- forbade unfair practices like rebates and set up the In 1887 - Interstate Commerce Act- forbade unfair practices like rebates and set up the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) set up to oversee the railroad industry ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) set up to oversee the railroad industry

7. 7 Sherman Antitrust Act - 1890 Although difficult to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act was designed to prohibited trusts from limiting or destroying competition Although difficult to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act was designed to prohibited trusts from limiting or destroying competition Judges ruled for big business (railroads) Judges ruled for big business (railroads) Was used against labor unions Was used against labor unions Eventually used against monopolies Eventually used against monopolies

8. 8 Corruption: A Serious Problem in City Government Politicians called bosses controlled work locally and demanded payoffs from businesses. Politicians called bosses controlled work locally and demanded payoffs from businesses.

9. 9 Progressives Reformers who wanted to improve American life Reformers who wanted to improve American life Not a single group- backed many causes Not a single group- backed many causes Believed in public interest- good of the people Believed in public interest- good of the people Many were women- played a leading role Many were women- played a leading role *The Wisconsin Idea was a set of Progressive reforms proposed by: *The Wisconsin Idea was a set of Progressive reforms proposed by: Robert La Follette Robert La Follette - Included the creation of commissions, made up of experts to solve problems. - Some states put power in the hands of the voters

10. 10 Progressives and Political Reforms Recall Recall Allowed voters to remove elected officials from office Allowed voters to remove elected officials from office Primary Primary Voters choose their party’s candidate Voters choose their party’s candidate Wisconsin- first state with primary Wisconsin- first state with primary Initiative Initiative Voters have the right to put a bill directly before the state legislature- with enough signatures Voters have the right to put a bill directly before the state legislature- with enough signatures Referendum Referendum Gave voters the power to make a bill- get referendum, then vote Gave voters the power to make a bill- get referendum, then vote

11. 11 Other Progressive Reforms Lower tariffs Lower tariffs The Sixteenth Amendment gave Congress the power to pass an income tax The Sixteenth Amendment gave Congress the power to pass an income tax Graduated income tax (the more you make, the more you pay in taxes) Graduated income tax (the more you make, the more you pay in taxes) (1913) 17 th amendment- required the direct election of U.S. senators (used to be elected by legislatures who could be influenced by special interests) (1913) 17 th amendment- required the direct election of U.S. senators (used to be elected by legislatures who could be influenced by special interests)

12. 12 Muckrakers Muckraker became a term for crusading journalists. Muckraker became a term for crusading journalists. Muckrakers played an important role in exposing corruption and other problems. Muckrakers played an important role in exposing corruption and other problems. Three well known muckrakers were Ida Tarbell, Jacob Riis, and Upton Sinclair. Three well known muckrakers were Ida Tarbell, Jacob Riis, and Upton Sinclair.

13. 13 Rousing Public Opinion Reformers wanted to ignite public anger Reformers wanted to ignite public anger Lincoln Steffens - exposed corrupt city officials Lincoln Steffens - exposed corrupt city officials Ida Tarbell - targeted big business Ida Tarbell - targeted big business Upton Sinclair - “The Jungle”- revealed gross details about meatpacking plants Upton Sinclair - “The Jungle”- revealed gross details about meatpacking plants

14. 14 Reforming City Governments Growing cities- needed improvements Growing cities- needed improvements Corruption- jobs for money Corruption- jobs for money Boss Rule- powerful politicians called bosses controlled all work done in the city and demanded payoffs from businesses- popular with the poor Boss Rule- powerful politicians called bosses controlled all work done in the city and demanded payoffs from businesses- popular with the poor Tweed Ring- Boss William Tweed Tweed Ring- Boss William Tweed Cheated New York out of $100 million Cheated New York out of $100 million Journalists exposed him- primarily Thomas Nast Journalists exposed him- primarily Thomas Nast

15. 15 Political Cartoon Vocabulary Editorial: an article presenting an editor’s point of view or opinion Editorial: an article presenting an editor’s point of view or opinion Symbol: something that stands for or represents something else Symbol: something that stands for or represents something else Caption: title of a drawing or illustration Caption: title of a drawing or illustration Caricature: an exaggeration of personal characteristics Caricature: an exaggeration of personal characteristics Personification: attributing human characteristics to animals or objects Personification: attributing human characteristics to animals or objects

16. 16 Reading Political Cartoons Look in your book on page 645 Look in your book on page 645 Answer the questions under a) and b). Answer the questions under a) and b). A) who is the man on the right? What is he getting from the man in the window? A) who is the man on the right? What is he getting from the man in the window? What do you think the giver expects in return? What do you think the giver expects in return?

17. 17

18. 18

19. 19 Muckraker Pics

20. 20 Political Cartoons

21. 21 Chap. 19 Sec.2

22. 22 A Reforming President William McKinley elected president (1896) William McKinley elected president (1896) Recognized strength of the Progressives Recognized strength of the Progressives Chose Theodore Roosevelt as VP in 1900 Chose Theodore Roosevelt as VP in 1900 Theodore Roosevelt: Theodore Roosevelt: Became President in 1901 after McKinley was shot and killed Became President in 1901 after McKinley was shot and killed Known as a reformer Known as a reformer War hero War hero Was elected governor of NY Was elected governor of NY

23. 23 TR Takes on the Trusts Favored big business, but believe government had to control or break up bad trusts Favored big business, but believe government had to control or break up bad trusts (Bad trust- cheated the public and took advantage of their workers) (Bad trust- cheated the public and took advantage of their workers) Launched lawsuit against Northern Securities case (JP Morgan) Launched lawsuit against Northern Securities case (JP Morgan) Roosevelt targeted for unfair practices Roosevelt targeted for unfair practices Violated Sherman Anti-trust Violated Sherman Anti-trust Supreme Court ruled against Northern Securities Supreme Court ruled against Northern Securities First time Sherman Anti-trust Act used to break up trusts, not unions First time Sherman Anti-trust Act used to break up trusts, not unions

24. 24 TR Takes on…cont. Roosevelt ordered other trusts to be broken up- became known as the “trustbuster” Roosevelt ordered other trusts to be broken up- became known as the “trustbuster” 1902 Pennsylvania Coal Miners strike 1902 Pennsylvania Coal Miners strike First time the President sided with striking workers First time the President sided with striking workers Coal miners wanted better pay and a shorter workday Coal miners wanted better pay and a shorter workday Owners refused to talk to union Owners refused to talk to union Roosevelt threatened to send in troops to run the mines Roosevelt threatened to send in troops to run the mines Owners worked to reach an agreement Owners worked to reach an agreement

25. 25 The Promise of a Square Deal During 1904 campaign, Roosevelt promised Americans a Square Deal During 1904 campaign, Roosevelt promised Americans a Square Deal By this he meant everyone should have equal opportunity for success By this he meant everyone should have equal opportunity for success Big on Conservation – protection of natural resources Big on Conservation – protection of natural resources In 1905 Roosevelt created the U.S. Forest Service to conserve the nation’s woodlands. He had thousands of acres set aside for national parks In 1905 Roosevelt created the U.S. Forest Service to conserve the nation’s woodlands. He had thousands of acres set aside for national parks

26. 26 Consumer Protection Roosevelt supported consumer protection reforms. Roosevelt supported consumer protection reforms. The Pure Food and Drug Act required food and drug makers to list all ingredients on packages. The Pure Food and Drug Act required food and drug makers to list all ingredients on packages. After reading The Jungle by Upton Sinclair T.R. went after meatpacking owners After reading The Jungle by Upton Sinclair T.R. went after meatpacking owners Congress passed Meat Inspection Act of 1906 Congress passed Meat Inspection Act of 1906

27. 27 William Howard Taft Roosevelt’s secretary of war, won presidency in 1908 with Roosevelt’s support Roosevelt’s secretary of war, won presidency in 1908 with Roosevelt’s support Unlike Roosevelt, Taft was quiet, cautious and wary of power Unlike Roosevelt, Taft was quiet, cautious and wary of power Support Progressive reforms: graduated income tax, new rules for mines, government workers, child labor. Support Progressive reforms: graduated income tax, new rules for mines, government workers, child labor. Lost Progressive support because he raised tariffs and modified conservation policies. Lost Progressive support because he raised tariffs and modified conservation policies.

28. 28 Bull Moose Party Roosevelt broke with Taft and started the Bull Moose Party Roosevelt broke with Taft and started the Bull Moose Party In the Presidental election of 1912, Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican Party, so Woodrow Wilson won. In the Presidental election of 1912, Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican Party, so Woodrow Wilson won.

29. 29 President Woodrow Wilson Democrat elected in 1912 Democrat elected in 1912 Had served as a university president and a governor Had served as a university president and a governor Was known as a brilliant scholar and a cautious reformer Was known as a brilliant scholar and a cautious reformer His program to restore free competition was called New Freedom His program to restore free competition was called New Freedom

30. 30 New Freedom (cont.) Federal Trade Commission (1914) Had power to investigate companies and order them to stop using unfair business practices Federal Trade Commission (1914) Had power to investigate companies and order them to stop using unfair business practices the Clayton Antitrust Act the Clayton Antitrust Act And the Federal Reserve Act (1913) And the Federal Reserve Act (1913) Regulate banking Regulate banking Worked to control big business Worked to control big business

31. 31 Chap. 19, Section 3 Women’s Suffrage Women’s Suffrage Women’s Suffrage Seneca Falls Convention (1848) Seneca Falls Convention (1848)  Importance: Marked the start of an organized women’s rights movement in the United States

32. 32 National Woman Suffrage Association Goal: Passage of constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote. Goal: Passage of constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote. Founders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Founders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony

33. 33 Western States By the late 1800’s women won voting rights in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and Idaho. By the late 1800’s women won voting rights in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and Idaho.

34. 34 Reasons for increased support for women’s suffrage More women worked outside the home and demanded a say in making laws. More women worked outside the home and demanded a say in making laws. New leaders: Carrie Chapman Catt, New leaders: Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul. Alice Paul. A detailed strategy to win suffrage state by state. A detailed strategy to win suffrage state by state.

35. 35 Nineteenth Amendment Ratified: 1920 Ratified: 1920 What it did: Gave women the right to vote What it did: Gave women the right to vote

36. 36 New Opportunities Higher education Higher education Women began to earn advanced degrees. Women began to earn advanced degrees. Clubs and Reform Clubs and Reform At first, women’s clubs focused on advancing women’s knowledge. At first, women’s clubs focused on advancing women’s knowledge.

37. 37 Clubs and Reforms (cont.) The focus of many switched to social reforms: The focus of many switched to social reforms: Raised money for libraries, schools, & parks. Raised money for libraries, schools, & parks. Pressed for laws to protect women and children, to ensure pure food and drugs, and to win the vote. Pressed for laws to protect women and children, to ensure pure food and drugs, and to win the vote. Racial Barriers forced African Americans women to form their own clubs. Racial Barriers forced African Americans women to form their own clubs.

38. 38 Temperance Temperance Temperance Temperance Campaign against alcohol. Campaign against alcohol. Woman’s Christian Temperance Union Woman’s Christian Temperance Union Goal: ban on the sale of liquor Goal: ban on the sale of liquor Led by Francis Willard, Carrie Nation Led by Francis Willard, Carrie NationCarrie NationCarrie Nation Eighteenth Amendment Eighteenth Amendment Ratified: 1919 Ratified: 1919 What it did: ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol What it did: ban on the sale and consumption of alcoholban on the sale and consumption of alcoholban on the sale and consumption of alcohol

39. 39 Chapter 19, Section 4

40. 40 African Americans Booker T. Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute. He advised African Americans to learn trades and move up gradually in society. Booker T. Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute. He advised African Americans to learn trades and move up gradually in society. W.E.B. Du Bois helped found the W.E.B. Du Bois helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) He urged African Americans to fight discrimination. He urged African Americans to fight discrimination. Ida B. Wells fought against lynching, or Ida B. Wells fought against lynching, or murder by a mob. murder by a mob. Chapter 19, Sec. 4

41. 41 Mexican Americans Before 1900, about half a million Mexican Americans lived in the United States. Like African Americans, they faced legal segregation. Before 1900, about half a million Mexican Americans lived in the United States. Like African Americans, they faced legal segregation. In 1910, revolution and famine swept Mexico. As a result, thousands of Mexicans fled into the United States. In 1910, revolution and famine swept Mexico. As a result, thousands of Mexicans fled into the United States.

42. 42 Mexican Americans (cont) Mexican Americans created barrios, or ethnic Mexican American neighborhoods. Mexican Americans created barrios, or ethnic Mexican American neighborhoods. Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans formed mutualistas, or mutual aid groups. Members pooled money to pay for insurance and legal advice. They also collected money for the sick and needy. Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans formed mutualistas, or mutual aid groups. Members pooled money to pay for insurance and legal advice. They also collected money for the sick and needy.

43. 43 Asian Americans More than 100,000 Japanese entered the United States in the early 1900’s. More than 100,000 Japanese entered the United States in the early 1900’s. Most first went to Hawaii to work on sugar plantations. Most first went to Hawaii to work on sugar plantations. In 1906, the city of San Francisco forced Asian students to attend separate schools. In 1906, the city of San Francisco forced Asian students to attend separate schools. This compromise called the Gentlemen’s Agreement between the United States and Japan. Japan would stop any more workers from going to the United States. The U.S. in exchange, allowed Japanese women to join their husbands in the United States. This compromise called the Gentlemen’s Agreement between the United States and Japan. Japan would stop any more workers from going to the United States. The U.S. in exchange, allowed Japanese women to join their husbands in the United States.

44. 44 Religious Minorities Nativist groups worked to restrict immigration. Even Jews and Catholics who were not immigrants faced discrimination in jobs and housing. Nativist groups worked to restrict immigration. Even Jews and Catholics who were not immigrants faced discrimination in jobs and housing. American Catholics set up parochial schools. American Catholics set up parochial schools. American Jews set up the Anti-Defamation League, which worked to fight anti- Semitism, or prejudice against Jews. American Jews set up the Anti-Defamation League, which worked to fight anti- Semitism, or prejudice against Jews.

45. 45 QUIZ TIME 1. What did President Theodore Roosevelt strongly support? strongly support? 2. Women first won voting rights in several states in the 3. Which reformer urged African Americans to fight discrimination?

46. 46 Quiz Answer #1 1. Conservation

47. 47 Question #2 2. West

48. 48 Question #3 3. W.E.B Du Bois

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