1. Chap. 14 1790 – 1860 Forging the National Economy OBJECTIVES Assess the changing American population in the years up to the Civil War. Evaluate the developments in industrialization, business, transportation, agriculture, communication, and sectionalism during those years.

3. Forging the National Economy In the era of Jacksonian democracy, the American population grew rapidly and changed in character. More people lived in the raw West and in the expanding cities, and immigrant groups like the Irish Catholics and Germans added their labor power to America’s economy, sometimes arousing hostility from native-born Americans in the process.

4. In the early 19 th century, the American economy developed the beginnings of industrialization. Inventions and business innovations spurred economic growth. The greatest advances occurred in farming and transportation, as canals and railroads bound the Union together into a continental economy with strong regional specialization.

5. The US in 1850

6. I. The Westward Movement Americans were moving westward. Life was very grim for most pioneers, suffering from disease, depression, early death, and loneliness. Often ill informed, superstitious, provincial, and very individualistic. Admired: – “Self-Reliance” (Emerson) – Natty Bumppo (J.F.Cooper) – Captain Ahab (Melville) But depended on neighbors and government for internal improvements.

7. II. Shaping the Western Landscape Kentucky “bluegrass” lured many there. Fur trappers in the Rockies. –Rendezvous, beaver, buffalo hides, sea-otter Great appreciation for nature and its beauty, often inspiring literature, painting, and eventually conservation –George Catlin* proposed national park system Began in 1872 with Yellowstone

8. George Catlin + his art… 500 paintings of native Americans 5 trips west; 1830-1836 Visited 50 tribes Catlin at 53 painted by Fisk in London

11. What’s Catlin saying?

13. III. The March of the Millions By 1860, 33 states, 4 th most populated country in western world From 2 cities over 20,000 to 43 by 1860 Intensified problems in cities: slums, lighting, police, water, sewage Immigration increases in the 1840s and 1850s –“Old Immigration” –Europe overcrowded –America = “freedom and opportunity” –Voyage quicker now w/ steamships (11 wks. to 11 days)

14. IV. The Emerald Isle Moves West 1840s Ireland – potato famine Move to US in “black 40s” –Most to the cities along coast –Scorned by most Americans –NINA signs –Lowest jobs –Irish resented blacks due to job competition –Order of Hibernians – aid poor Led to Molly Maguires in 1860s and 1870s –Attracted to politics Political machines and “bosses” –Hated British = “twisting the British lion’s tail”

15. V. The German 49ers 1830-1860 – many Germans also –Crop failures, wars, autocratic government –Charles Schurz – foe of slavery and corruption Better off financially than Irish Into Mid West, esp. Wisconsin Politically active, but less potent than Irish because more scattered Conestoga wagon, Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree, Kindergartens, love of music and art, anti-slavery Often lived in own communities where they didn’t rest on Sabbath and drank beer

16. VI. Flare-Ups of Anti-foreignism All this immigration inflamed nativists, esp. because many immigrants were Catholic Therefore many Catholics began own school system –1840–5 th largest rel. group; 1850 (and still)–largest!* Nativists formed Order of the Star-Spangled Banner = “Know-Nothing” Party (due to secrecy) –Want to restrict immigration and naturalization and increase deportations; anti-Catholic* –Often printed horrid, but best-selling, literature Some violence, esp. in Boston and Philadelphia Yet why not more? –There was much to go around for all

17. Re: Know Nothing Party was anti-Catholic King of England kissing Pope’s foot

18. Current American Religious Stats Christian 77% –Protestant 52% –Catholic 24% –Mormon 2% Non-religious13% Jewish 1.3 % Islamic.5% Buddhist.5% Catholic25% Baptist16% Methodist 7% Lutheran 5% Presbyterian 3% Pentecostal 2% Episcopalian 2% Jewish1.3% Mormon1.3%

19. VII. Makers of America: The Irish Outward Bound St. Patrick’s Day Parade

20. VIII. The March of Mechanization British created textile machines in 1750s, leading to Industrial Revolution Led to agricultural, transportation, and communication revolutions Why not to US for about 20 years? –Land was cheap, so why work in dark factories –Therefore no laborers until immigrants came –Money for investment scarce –Unknown raw materials –Few consumers –British factories kept machines secret

21. IX. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine Samuel Slater = “Father of the American Industrial Revolution” –Memorized machinery, escaped to US, built 1 st American machinery for spinning cotton thread in 1791 –Now need more cotton, but separating seed from cotton was expensive Eli Whitney = invented the cotton engine* in 1793 which made cotton growing much more profitable Leads to “King Cotton” in the South and made slavery much more profitable Factories began in New England (bad soil, dense population for labor and consumers, shipping, seaports, rivers to provide power), moved to Middle states, but very few in South