1. Chapter 8: Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

2. Chapter 8, Section 2
Europe Faces Revolutions

3. Conservative: Wealthy property owners and nobility; wanted traditional monarchies
Liberal: middle-class people; wanted elected representatives with educated and landowning people voting
Radical: Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people
Clash of Philosophies
In the first half of the 1800’s, three schools of political thought existed in Europe

4. Nationalism Develops
Nationalism is the belief that people’s greatest loyalty should be to their nation
When a nation had its own independent government, it became a nation-state
France, England, and Spain were nation-states

5. Greeks Gain Independence
Greeks were first people to win self-rule during this time
In 1827, the British, French, and Russians helped Greece defeat the Ottoman Empire, guaranteeing an independent kingdom of Greece

6. 1830s Uprisings Crushed
Revolutionary ideas were challenging the order established by the Congress of Vienna
Revolutions in the Netherlands, Italy, and Russia were put down, but nationalist ideas remained

7. 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
In 1848, ethnic uprisings began in Europe
Vienna, Hungary, and Prague had liberal revolts
However, revolutionaries failed to unite themselves and conservatives regained power

8. Radicals Change France
In France, radicals were still demanding democratic government
King Charles X tried to return to absolute monarchy in 1830, and the people rioted
He was replaced by Louis-Philippe, who supported liberal reforms

9. The Third Republic
After almost 18 years, Louis-Philippe’s monarchy was overturned by a Paris mob and replaced by a republic
The republic fell apart, and moderates gained control
They set up a new constitution with a parliament and an elected president

10. France Accepts a Strong Ruler
In December 1848, Louis-Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon) was elected president
Four years later, he took the title of Emperor Napoleon III
Because of his policies, France experienced a time of prosperity

11. Reform in Russia
Russia in the 1800’s was still not part of the modern industrialized world
Still under the feudal system, with serfs bound to the nobles
Serfdom became a major debate in Russia

12. Defeat Brings Change
In 1853, Russia’s Czar Nicholas I went to war to take over the Ottoman Empire
As a result of poor industry and transportation, Russia lost the war in 1856
Afterwards, Nicholas’s son, Alexander II decided to modernize Russia and bring social change

13. Reform and Reaction
Alexander II legally freed the serfs in 1861 and was assassinated in 1881
Alexander III succeeded him and tightened czarist control, but continued industrial development

14. Chapter 8, Section 3
Nationalism

15. A Force for Unity or Disunity
Nationalism fueled efforts to build nation-states in the 1800’s
Nationalists believed that people of a single “nationality” should unite under one government
People who wanted the “old order” saw nationalism as a force for disunity

17. The Breakup of the Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire had many different nationalities
Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria split his empire in half, separating Austria and Hungary
Nationalism began to weaken Austria-Hungary for the next 40 years, and it broke down after World War I

18. The Russian Empire Crumbles
The Romanov dynasty of Russia ruled over many different groups
The instituted a policy of Russification, forcing Russian culture on everyone in the empire
The helped disunify the people of Russia, and the Romanov dynasty ended after World War I

19. The Ottoman Empire Weakens
In 1856, under pressure from the British and French, the Ottomans granted equal citizenship to all people under their rule
This angered conservative Turks and led to the Armenian genocide
The empire broke apart after World War I

20. Cavour Leads Italian Unification
Case Study: Italy
Cavour Leads Italian Unification
Piedmont-Sardinia was the largest and most powerful Italian state
In 1852, Sardinia’s king named Count Camillo di Cavour as his prime minister
Cavour wanted to gain Northern Italy and unify
He went to war with Austria in 1858 and won, taking all of northern Italy

21. Garibaldi Brings Unity
In southern Italy, an army of Italian nationalists led by Giuseppe Garibaldi captured Sicily
Garibaldi’s forces marched north and united with Piedmont-Sardinia
With the addition of Venetia and the Papal States, Italy unified and became the united kingdom of Italy

22. Prussia Leads German Unification
Case Study: Germany
Prussia Leads German Unification
Prussia had a mainly German population
Nationalism unified Prussia
In 1848, Berlin rioters forced a new constitution, paving the way for unification

23. Bismarck Takes Control
In 1861, Wilhelm I became king of Prussia
Parliament refused him money for the army
Wilhelm was supported by the Junkers- Prussia’s wealthy landowners
In 1862, Wilhelm chose a Junker named Otto von Bismarck as prime minister

24. Bismarck Takes Control, cont.
Otto von Bismarck was a master of what became known as realpolitik, or power politics
He declared he would rule without the king’s power, the consent of parliament, or a legal budget

25. Prussia Expands
In 1864, Prussia and Austria formed an alliance and went to war with Denmark for land
When they won, national pride among Prussians increased, and Prussia was considered to be the head of a unified Germany

26. Seven Weeks’ War
Prussia went to war with Austria over land acquired from Denmark
The war lasted only seven weeks, with Prussia winning a huge victory
Prussia took control of northern Germany and in 1867, the remaining northern German states joined the North German Confederation, headed by Prussia

27. The Franco-Prussian War
By 1867, only the southern Catholic German states resisted Prussia
Bismarck went to war with France in 1870 in order to rally the south
The Franco-Prussian war was the final stage of German unification
On January 18, 1871 King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned kaiser (emperor)

28. A Shift in Power
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna established five equally powerful “Great Powers” of Europe
By 1871, Britain and Germany were the most powerful, Austria and Russia lagged behind, and France was somewhere in the middle