1. ‘Union leaders understood perfectly well that if Peron lost power, the progress they had been making would swiftly deteriorate.’ ‘Peronism is a question of the heart rather than the head.’ ‘Peronism … rejects all the previous ills of the politics of previous times…’ ‘Internal relations between industrialists & workers completely changed in nature.’ ‘He began to characterise his base of support as ‘the people,’ while referring to the opposition as ‘the oligarchy.’ ‘The mass goes wherever its rulers take it; otherwise, it overflows and god forbid.’

3. Juan Peron’s Argentina Topic 3: Origin of Authoritarian and Single Party States Paper 2

4. Three periods to examine Rise to power or emergence of SPS – what kind of circumstances made it possible? Establishment of SPS – how is power maintained once power has been assumed? Domestic policies & impact – how is the state structured & what kinds of policies (social & economic)? Role of women, attitudes to religion, culture inside the state? Hint: organise your notes under these headings

5. Lesson 1a – Peron: Origin and Rise Essential Question Why did Peron come to Power? Learning Outcomes - Students will: – Learn what the Great Leap Forward was? – Learn about their consequences Success Criteria I can differentiate between the Short- term and Long-term reasons why Peron came to power

6. Reading 10~28 How is the rise of Peron similar and different to Hitler’s rise in Germany?

7. Vocab Infamous Decade

9. Quick historical background Independence from Spain 1816 Economy in 19th & 20th century = export of food (wheat, meat) & import of manufactured goods European immigrants = rural working class & skilled labourers  continuous increase in agri output Euro & US capital investments  developed meatpacking, communications & service industries  Buenos Aires = major port Ruling class = landowners  sustained growth until Great Depression How are the non-ruling class likely to feel about the ruling class? What do you think conditions for the non-ruling class are like?

10. ‘The Infamous Decade’ 1930 - 1943 Depression = difficulties importing goods that it didn’t produce 1930 – econ difficulties = overthrow of ruling democratic party = start of Infamous Decade – Presidents came to power through coups or electoral fraud – Lots of econ & social changes – develop national industries, reduce dependency on imports – Traditional parties banned from elections, opponents persecuted, widespread corruption, no faith in system

11. The international context What is going on in the world between 1930 and 1946? How would these events impact Argentina? Pick 1 & write a few sentences. Great Depression Fear / spread of communism Emergence of fascism

12. The international context What is going on in the world between 1930 and 1946 as Peron is rising to power? Great Depression: difficulties importing goods which it didn’t produce – and it didn’t produce much that could be immediately consumed Fear / spread of communism: social & economic conditions could have attracted people to communism – as in Russia Emergence of fascism: Italy & Germany are fascist – people disillusioned with ‘democracy’ in infamous decade see improved conditions there

13. What factors contributed to Peron’s rise to power? Create a chart and use pages 12-14 to fill it in. Long term factorsShort term factors Do you think long term or short term factors contributed most to Peron’s rise to power? Pick at least one type of each factor to explain in more detail.

14. Lesson 1b – Peron: Origin and Rise Essential Question Why did Peron come to Power? Learning Outcomes - Students will: – Review: Short-term and Long-term effects – Learn about their consequences Success Criteria I can explain why Peron rose to power

15. What factors contributed to Peron’s rise to power? Create a chart and use pages 12-14 to fill it in. Long term factorsShort term factors Corruption & ‘fake’ democracyOutbreak of WWII Middle class / intellectuals = no voice Military coup Working class disorganised / lacked a leader to address issues GOU & its programme Buenos Aires too influential & provinces suffered

16. Vocab Autarky Nationalization Protectionism 3 Peronist Principles descamisados

17. Peron: Rise to power Complete the chart to help you keep track of the steps Peron took in his rise to power and what influenced his ideology (Peronism). You may work in a pair / group. Make sure that you can answer the question at the bottom of the page; the answer can be found in the book. 30 minutes

18. Key terms – Peron’s economic goals Autarky: self sufficiency Nationalisation: when the state takes property previously owned by private individuals & companies Protectionism: Government policies promoting home industries by preventing the competition of foreign goods. Importation of goods is checked or discouraged by putting tariffs, quotas or regulations in place.

19. Three Peronist Principles 1.Social justice – Wealth / privilege needs to be fairly distributed – State should be involved in this – No class struggle 2.Political sovereignty – State should represent all classes – State should be ‘above’ social classes 3.Economic independence – Nationalisation & autarky – Protectionism

20. The Peronist economic reform had 2 main purposes. One was to preserve the country’s resources from the appetites of foreign interests and to put them at the service of the state. The other was to divide up those resources fairly so that there would be no excessively wealthy people at the expense of excessively poor ones. Policy directors did not speak of socialism, of course, but rather of the social reform of the capitalist system: the capitalist system would remain in place but it would be restricted by state management. From Monica Esti Rein, Politics and Education in Argentina, 1946- 1962, 1998. (page 21) a)Why did Peron favour nationalisation? b)How does economic independence relate to social justice and political sovereignty?

21. Who supported & opposed Peron? SupportersOpposition Working class / native Argentinians CGT (General Confederation of Labour – union) Labour Party Unions Army Wealthy landowners / farmers Industrialists & businessmen Traditional political parties Uni lecturers, intellectuals, newspapers – afraid of Peron’s growing power Traditional Catholics in armed forces Use your book to help you write a few keywords or ideas to summarise why each group supported or opposed Peron. You may work with a partner / split up the work. Pages 22-23.

22. 17 October 1945 Read the description of the events on page 24, then discuss the following questions with a partner. 1.Who are the ‘descamisados’? 2.List a few characteristics of 17 October that made it stand out. 3.What is significant about the protest?

23. 17 October 1945 1.Who are the ‘descamisados’? – ‘the shirtless’ – Peron’s followers / workers 2.List a few characteristics of 17 October that made it stand out. – Broke ‘dress code’; washed in the fountains; broke social codes; workers / powerless won 3.What is significant about the protest? – Workers secured Peron’s release

24. TOK connection

25. 1946 elections Labour Party support, trade unions, radical parties UD = opposition but lots of internal problems, including with US ambassador Christmas bonus = more support for Peron, but why? Wins by 55% of the vote

26. What do you think? What are the most significant factors that led to the rise of Peron? Name 2 groups that opposed Peron and suggest why. How important was Peron’s role as Secretary of Labour and Welfare?

27. Lesson 2a – Peron: Consolidation of Power Essential Question How did Peron consolidate his control over Argentina? Learning Outcomes - Students will: – Review: Questions from last class – Learn about their consequences Success Criteria I can differentiate between the Short- term and Long-term reasons why Peron came to power

28. Reading 28~44 Compare and Contrast Hitler’s Economic and Social Policies with Peron’s.

29. Homework Edmodo: zdu3ig I. Read pages 28 to 44 ‘Section II: The Rule of Juan Peron’ (stop at Section III). II. Create a chart, memory map or a table to record information about the following sections: Actions to consolidate power Political & social parties Status of women Education, the arts & propaganda Economic policies Your homework will be checked for accuracy, reasonable detail, and effort!

30. Who supported Peron? After the Labor reforms made as a Secretary of Labor the working class supported him. The 1944 nicaraguan earthquake gave him a platform to gain more followers from the poor masses. 1945 received support from the «descamisados» and the «cabezitas negras». The Labor Party was the backbone for his election.

31. Method used to establish the ASPS Used Evita as the head of labor unions (CGT) Used Evita as the link between the leader and the masses Constitutional reforms, to include social justice and to allow presidential re-election twice in a row: legal way of establishing absolute rule

32. Form of Government Justicialismo – Third Way to keep good diplomatic relations with both sides during the time of the Cold War Authoritarian – any attempts of opposition would be crushed violently He appointed the members of the supreme court

33. Domestic Policies Labor reform – 8 hour day established and Sunday’s off – Workers received paid vacations – Retirement law was established!! – Maternity leave for women: 3 months! – Workers’ recreation centers constructed all over Argentina and available for a small fee Forming of trade unions in every industry Payment of Argentina’s foreign debt Public works’ schemes: hospitals, schools

34. Workers’ recreation centers (social tourism)

35. Economic Policies Were the basis of Peron’s rule. Wanted a free economy, independent from foreign influence  they were in a good position for this as they had huge reserves from the nationalizing of the Central Bank Nationalized industries through his 5YP – Transportation/railways (UK/France)/Telecomunications – Opened employment opportunities at state’s expense

36. Economic policies … continued Helped with the industrialization of Argentina hoping to achieve autarchy – Airplane industry – Marine industry – Automotive industry (Argentina was 2nd in the world to use glass fiber in a Porsche!) However, by ‘47, 32% of reserves were gone! Economic stagnation plagued his 2nd term: workers began to lose faith after Eva died in ‘52.

37. Social Policies Instill a strong sense of Nationalism Allow for a more social democracy through his social policies: – Equal redistribution of the wealth, retirement laws – Wages’ improvement, family salary, paid vacations – This showed Peron’s support for the working class These were the basis during his first presidency, Argentina went from exploited in the 1930s to a «solidary Argentina» by 1955. Medical care: maternity, dental, other consultations Low-income housing projects were created and carried out during both 5YPs Interest rates were frozen

38. Low income housing

39. Religious Policies Argentina was Catholic and gave him initial supprt, however, upon realizing their being used to gain him support: 1954 – Peron wants the separation of the Church and state He passes laws that eliminated religious holidays Pope Pius XII excommunicated Peron and all Peronistas after passing a law to legalize prostitution and divorce

40. Constitutional reform of 1949 Aim: to eliminate social injustice. Reformed in March 1949 from 1853 and it includes all the social policies mentioned before (family, elderly, education, etc.) See article 39 and 40 about the use of property for the good of the Nation.

41. Foreign Policy Self determination of countries and solidarity with smaller countries were the basis of his foreign policy.

42. Role of education More access to the masses through the creation of the Ministry of Education and Union Schools with free education for all. Removal of university fees Universities were aiming to educate those who deserved it and worked to obtain more knowledge Indoctrination of youth in schools

43. Role of propaganda Books for school aged children, see the handout on Propaganda for an example of such stories published by his regime.

44. More Propaganda

45. Role of media Controlled Radio, press, TV, Film and theatre by censorship Evita had her own newspaper: Democracias where loads of propaganda was published

46. Status of Women Due to Evita’s support, the role of women and their rights changed drastically in Argentina. Women were given political rights: – 1947 right to vote and hold office The also maintained traditional roles: – Raising children to be great Peronistas – Women belong in the home

47. Status of other minority groups Youth Union of Secondary Students Early childhood

48. Lesson 2b – Peron: Consolidation of Power Essential Question What led to the fall of Peron? Learning Outcomes - Students will: – Review: Questions from last class – Learn about their consequences Success Criteria I can differentiate between the Short- term and Long-term reasons why Peron came to power

49. Reading 44~52 Assess the importance of social and economic factors in Argentina in causing opposition to authoritarian regimes

50. Vocab Liberating Revolution

51. End of his 1st and 2nd rule He ran for elections in 1952 and won. The next period went up to 1955. 1952 issued the austerity plan due to lack of resources and wealth in Argentina; the result was reduced inflation. The economy of the country was exhausted and could no longer take high growth rates. Peron adopts a more classic economy during his second rule The Oil crisis made Peron get foreign investments, marking his downfall.

52. End to his rule (2nd period) … continued 1954 – opposed the Church due to lack of any other opposition (he had eliminated them!) June 1955 – Bomb at the presidency September 15, 1955 army attack, coup to remove peron from power. Peron resigns to stop the emerging violence and leaves in power an emerging Junta on september 20 Exiled from 1955 to 1973 in Spain Reconciled with the church

53. Peron’s 3rd period The 70’s started as a decade with serious economic problems: – Drastic Increase in the cost of living – Inflation due to the budgetary deficit, to an excessive investment by state enterprises, clientelism Hector Campora, a stand in for Peron won the presidential election of 1973 but stepped down after the tragedy of Peron’s return Ruled until he died in 1974 His legacy was to improve the life of Argentines

54. Sources http://www.portalplanetasedna.com.ar/gobie rnoperonista.htm http://www.portalplanetasedna.com.ar/gobie rnoperonista.htm http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php? action=read&artid=65 http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php? action=read&artid=65