1. Lecture: Water & Solutions

2. I. Often-used terms The solute dissolves into the solvent, making a solution dissolvessolutiondissolvessolution Example: making Kool-Aid… What is the solute? What is the solvent? What is the solution?

3. I. Often-used terms If a solvent can dissolve more solute, the solution is un saturated. If a solvent has dissolved as much solute as it can, the solution is saturated.

4. II. Factors Affecting Solvation (dissolving) 1) Agitation (shaking it) 2) Temperature (more dissolves in hot water) 3) Surface Area of Solute 4) Polarity

5. Factors Affecting Solvation (dissolving) Factor To increase solvation… To decrease solvation… 1) agitation 2) temperature 3) Surface Area of Solute 4) Polarity

6. Factors Affecting Solvation (dissolving) Factor To increase solvation… To decrease solvation… 1) agitation Shake or stir solution 2) temperature 3) Surface Area of Solute 4) Polarity

7. Factors Affecting Solvation (dissolving) Factor To increase solvation… To decrease solvation… 1) agitation Shake or stir solution Leave solution undisturbed 2) temperature 3) Surface Area of Solute 4) Polarity

8. Factors Affecting Solvation (dissolving) Factor To increase solvation… To decrease solvation… 1) agitation Shake or stir solution Leave solution undisturbed 2) temperature Heat the solution 3) Surface Area of Solute 4) Polarity

9. Factors Affecting Solvation (dissolving) Factor To increase solvation… To decrease solvation… 1) agitation Shake or stir solution Leave solution undisturbed 2) temperature Heat the solution Cool the solution 3) Surface Area of Solute 4) Polarity

10. Factors Affecting Solvation (dissolving) Factor To increase solvation… To decrease solvation… 1) agitation Shake or stir solution Leave solution undisturbed 2) temperature Heat the solution Cool the solution 3) Surface Area of Solute Crush solute into smaller pieces 4) Polarity

11. Factors Affecting Solvation (dissolving) Factor To increase solvation… To decrease solvation… 1) agitation Shake or stir solution Leave solution undisturbed 2) temperature Heat the solution Cool the solution 3) Surface Area of Solute Crush solute into smaller pieces Leave solute in larger pieces 4) Polarity

12. Factors Affecting Solvation (dissolving) Factor To increase solvation… To decrease solvation… 1) agitation Shake or stir solution Leave solution undisturbed 2) temperature Heat the solution Cool the solution 3) Surface Area of Solute Crush solute into smaller pieces Leave solute in larger pieces 4) Polarity Polarity of solute and solvent the same

13. Factors Affecting Solvation (dissolving) Factor To increase solvation… To decrease solvation… 1) agitation Shake or stir solution Leave solution undisturbed 2) temperature Heat the solution Cool the solution 3) Surface Area of Solute Crush solute into smaller pieces Leave solute in larger pieces 4) Polarity Polarity of solute and solvent the same Polarity of solute and solvent different

14. Concentration Calculations I. Molarity II. % Concentration III. Parts Per Million (ppm) IV. Grams per Liter (g/L)

15. Concentration Calculations I. Molarity II. % Concentration III. Parts Per Million (ppm) IV. Grams per Liter (g/L)

16. Learning Opportunity #1 How many moles of CaCl 2 would be required to make 5.0 L of a 2.5 M solution?

17. Learning Opportunity #1 How many moles of CaCl 2 would be required to make 5.0 L of a 2.5 M solution? answer: 12.5 moles CaCl 2

18. Learning Opportunity #2 How many grams of NaCl would be required to make 12.0 L of a 3.0 M solution?

19. Learning Opportunity #2 How many grams of NaCl would be required to make 12.0 L of a 3.0 M solution? answer: 2106 grams NaCl

20. Actual CST Question!

21. Concentration Calculations I. Molarity II. % Concentration III. Parts Per Million (ppm) IV. Grams per Liter (g/L)

22. Learning Opportunity #3 How many grams of NaCl are required to make 500 grams of a 4% NaCl solution?

23. Learning Opportunity #3 How many grams of NaCl are required to make 500 grams of a 4% NaCl solution? answer: 20 grams NaCl

24. Learning Opportunity #4 How many grams of water are required to make 500 grams of a 4% NaCl solution?

25. Learning Opportunity #4 How many grams of water are required to make 500 grams of a 4% NaCl solution? answer: 480 g H 2 O

26. Concentration Calculations III. Parts per Million

27. Concentration Calculations I. Molarity II. % Concentration III. Parts Per Million (ppm) IV. Grams per Liter (g/L)

28. Concentration Calculations The concentration of chlorine in a swimming pool is 500 ppm (parts per million). How many grams of chlorine are in 1 kg of this pool water?

29. Concentration Calculations The concentration of chlorine in a swimming pool is 500 ppm (parts per million). How many grams of chlorine are in 1 kg of this pool water? answer: 0.5 g Cl

30. Concentration Calculations

31. I. Molarity II. % Concentration III. Parts Per Million (ppm) IV. Grams per Liter (g/L)

32. Concentration Calculations The solubility of ammonia in water is 340 g/L. How many grams of ammonia can dissolve in 55 L of water?

33. Concentration Calculations The solubility of ammonia in water is 340 g/L. How many grams of ammonia can dissolve in 55 L of water? answer: 18,700 g