1. www.osteoporosis.ca a powerful tool to reduce the risk of future osteoporotic fractures The recognition and reporting of vertebral fractures: B Lentle, J Brown, A Khan, Leslie WD, Levesque J, Lyons DJ, Siminoski K, Tarulli G Osteoporosis Canada

2. www.osteoporosis.ca Vertebral fracture prevalence:

3. www.osteoporosis.ca Mortality rates by number of vertebral fractures: Mortality/1000 Person-years Number of Vertebral Fractures Kado D. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 1215 p for trend < 0.001

4. www.osteoporosis.ca Vertebral fractures predict hip fracture: RR = Prevalent Vertebral Fractures No Prevalent Fracture No Prevalent Fracture 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.8 2.83.8

5. www.osteoporosis.ca Survival Rates after Fracture: Cooper C. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137: 1001 Years after Fracture Survival % 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 012345012345 Vertebral Hip Distal forearm Observed Expected

6. www.osteoporosis.ca All vertebral fractures are clinically important: Nevitt M. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 77 Clinical Fracture No Incident Fracture Mean # of Days Radiographic Fracture Mean # of Days No Incident Fracture Radiographic Fracture Days of pain, or bed rest due to pain, over 3 years Clinical Fracture

7. www.osteoporosis.ca Radiological fracture recognition (1): Review of chest radiographs on 934 women aged >60 years, admitted to hospital On review 132 had 1 or more spinal fractures Of these: 65 (49%) were reported 23 (17%) were noted in the medical record 25 (19%) were treated Gehlbach SH et al. Osteoporosis Int 2000;11:577 - 582

8. www.osteoporosis.ca Radiological fracture recognition (2): In a Canadian study of emergency room radiography the following were the chief findings in relation to the thoracic spine: Mean age of the population was 75 years, 47% were women, and 46% were admitted to the hospital. According to the reference radiologist, prevalence of moderate to severe vertebral fractures was 22%. Simple agreement was about 88% among reviewers; kappa values were moderate (0.56-0.58). Only 55% (12/22) of the vertebral fractures identified were mentioned in the radiology reports. Kim N, Rowe BH, Raymond G, Jen H, Colman I, Jackson SA et al. Underreporting of vertebral fractures on routine chest radiography. Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182:297 - 300.

9. www.osteoporosis.ca Role of CT & MRI CT = Clarify radiographic findings MRI = Useful for recognizing fracture acuity and incidental disease (e.g. tumours)

10. www.osteoporosis.ca Osteoporotic fracturing – the pathological view:

11. www.osteoporosis.ca Risk prediction and prevalent fractures: Ross PD et al. Pre–existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 919 – 923.

12. www.osteoporosis.ca Vertebral body fractures as a special case: Vertebral fractures may occur incrementally and not catastrophically Mechanism of injury: axial cf. transverse loading (crush) Vertebral fractures may be associated with a vaccuum phenomenon Vertebral fractures may only be evident under load-bearing The definition of vertebral fractures is subject to debate (and varies by practitioner and country)

13. www.osteoporosis.ca Vertebral deformities: All fractures cause deformities Not all deformities are due to fracturing

14. www.osteoporosis.ca Spinal fracturing: Low trauma spinal fractures: 60% are asymptomatic Hajcsar EE, Hawker G, Bogoch ER. Investigation and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with fragility fractures. Canad Med Ass J 2000; 163: 819 - 822.

15. www.osteoporosis.ca Spinal osteoporosis: 1. Spinal deformities (fractures) 2. Prominent vertical trabeculae (loss of secondary trabeculation)

16. www.osteoporosis.ca Normal (Grading 0) Gd. 1: <25 % deformity Gd. 2 25 – 40 % deformity Gd. 3: >40 % deformity WedgeBiconcavityCrush Genant Grading: Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique Genant HK et al. J Bone Miner Res. 1993; 8: 1137-1148

17. www.osteoporosis.ca Problematical aspects of the Genant paradigm: It proposes a quantitative classification It makes unrealistic distinctions between fracture types Morphometry cf. radiological “signs” of fracture Both projected area (“volume”) and vertical dimensions are invoked The reference dimensions are subject to variation and interpretation The “grades” overlap –Grade 1: 20 – 25% –Grade 2: 25 – 40% –Grade 3: > 40% The classification has suffered mutation or “creep”

18. www.osteoporosis.ca Spinal morphometry:

19. www.osteoporosis.ca Osteoporotic fractures are nearly always end-plate fractures: Jiang G, Eastell R, Barrington NA, Ferrar L. Comparison of methods for the visual identification of prevalent vertebral fracture in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2004; 15: 887 - 896

20. www.osteoporosis.ca Grade 1 anterior wedge and crush (superior end plate) fracture:

21. www.osteoporosis.ca A Grade 2 anterior wedge and superior end-plate fracture:

22. www.osteoporosis.ca A Grade 2 anterior wedge and end-plate fracture:

23. www.osteoporosis.ca A Grade 3 crush (superior end plate) fracture (arrow)

24. www.osteoporosis.ca Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: These fractures induce sub-cortical schlorisis

25. www.osteoporosis.ca Tc-99m MDP bone scan: Low trauma fractures of the sacrum, sacral ala and coccyx are best recognized by radionuclear bone scans

26. www.osteoporosis.ca Differential diagnosis:

27. www.osteoporosis.ca The lower pole of scapula (larger arrow) projected over T 7:

28. www.osteoporosis.ca Congenital abnormalities:

29. www.osteoporosis.ca Orthogonal views of the lower thoracic spine in a patient with a T 10 “butterfly” (bifid) vertebra:

30. www.osteoporosis.ca Cupid’s bow (“notochordal”) defects (L3-5): Dietz GW, Christenson EE.; Vertebrae 1976; 121: 577-579; Chan KK, Sartoris DJ, Haghighi P, Sledge P, et al.; Radiology 1997; 202: 253-256

31. www.osteoporosis.ca Acquired abnormalities:

32. www.osteoporosis.ca Scheuermann disease Juvenile disc disease

33. www.osteoporosis.ca Scheuermann disease mimics: Hereditary progressive arthro-ophthalmopathy (Stickler syndrome) Acrodysostosis (peripheral dysostosis)

34. www.osteoporosis.ca Intervertebral Disc Herniation

35. www.osteoporosis.ca Schmorl’s nodes and limbus defects: Disc herniation into the vertebral body (Schmorl node) Disc herniation through the secondary ring ossification centre (limbus defect)

36. www.osteoporosis.ca Schmorl’s nodes:

37. www.osteoporosis.ca Spectrum of Intervertebral Disc Herniation

38. www.osteoporosis.ca A limbus defect at the antero-superior margin of L3.

39. www.osteoporosis.ca Secondary ossification centres: Lumbar spine – 5-year old

40. www.osteoporosis.ca Disc disease and vertebral remodelling:

41. www.osteoporosis.ca Summary: The old: –About ten systems varying between subjective and objective; quantitative and qualitative –Summarised in: Genant H et al. Monograph on vertebral fractures –Eastell et al: two grades, JBMR, 1991 The new: –Jiang G. et al. Prevalence SQ (24%) > Qual (11%) > ABQ (7%); BMD α Qual/ABQ OI 2004 –Increasingly, European studies (ISCD) focus on end-plate changes

42. www.osteoporosis.ca Inter-observer variability: semiquantitative visual assessment of prevalent fractures

43. www.osteoporosis.ca Incident fracturing: Brian C Lentle, MD, FRCPC; Jacques P Brown, MD, FRCPC; Aliya Khan, MD, FRCPC; William D Leslie, MD, FRCPC; Jacques Levesques, MD, FRCPC; David J Lyons, MD, FRCPC; Kerry Siminoski, MD, FRCPC; Giuseppe Tarulli, MD, FRCPC; Robert G Josse, MD, MBBS, FRCPC; Anthony Hodsman, MD, FRCPC; CARJ Vol 58, No 1, February 2007; 27-36