1. Chapter 25 The Limits of Reason

2. A New Barbarism  The Industrial Revolution  The transatlantic trade

5. Satire  Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)  Gulliver’s Travels  A Modest Proposal  In view of the poverty of Irish farmers, Swift proposed that most of the children there should “at a year old, be offered in sale to the persons of quality and fortune through the kingdom” as food to be consumed at the dinner table.

6. Satire  Voltaire (1694-1778)  Candide

8. Voltaire  The personification of the Enlightenment  Great admirer and popularizer of all things English (Newton, Bacon, Locke)  É crasez l ’ infâme: crush infamy (all forms of repression, fanaticism, and bigotry)  Contacts with Frederick of Prussia and Catherine the Great

12. Satire  William Hogarth (1697-1746)  The Marriage Transaction  Gin Lane

13. William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: The Orgy, 1733-34 http://www.artdaily.com/Fotos/galerias/274/Hogarth%20A.jpg

14. William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: Marriage, 1735 http://lewis.up.edu/EFL/asarnow/351/rakeprog/Image21.jpg

15. William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: Debtor’s Prison, 1735

16. William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: the Rake at Bedlam, 1735 http://eeweems.com/val_lewton/_imagery/_bedlam/rakes_progress_500.jpg

17. William Hogarth, Marriage a la Mode: the marriage settlement, 1743 http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi- bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG113&collectionPublisherSection=work

18. http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi- bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG117&collectionPublisherSection=work William Hogarth, Marriage a la Mode: The Bagnio, 1743

19. William Hogarth, Marriage a la Mode: the lady’s death, 1743 http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi- bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG118&collectionPublisherSection=work

22. Jean-Jacques Rousseau  Politics: The Social Contract (1762)  Education: Emile (1762)  Influence: Montessori (1870-1952)  Slogan in French Revolution : “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/rousseau.htm

23. Immanuel Kant  1724-1804  The mind is not a passive recipient of information (Locke’s “blank slate”) but, rather, a participant in the knowledge process.  Focused on the question of cognition: Reality = the mind + its perception / understanding (Fiero 643)

24. Immanuel Kant  The “Categorical Imperative”: "Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."  What we must do in any situation of moral choice is act according to a maxim that we would will everyone to act according to.  (Fiero 643) & http://www.iep.utm.edu/k/kantmeta.htm http://www.iep.utm.edu/k/kantmeta.htm

25. The French Revolution

26. Causes

27. 1. Financial Disorder  Unjust tax system  Bankruptcy of the Government:  war expenses  extravagant life styles

28. 2. Class Conflict Three Estates (the Old Regime) First: clergy (1%) (owned 10% of the land) largest landowner, tax exemption Second: nobility (2%) (owned 25 % of the land) best positions in government and army, tax exemption Third: everyone else (97%) heavy taxation, feudal dues

30. 3. The Enlightenment  Voltaire  Locke  Montesquieu  Rousseau

31. 4. American Revolution  1776 The Declaration of Independence

32.  Two Stages: The Moderate Stage: 1789-1791 The Radical Stage: 1792-1794

33. The Moderate Stage: 1789-1791

34. The Moderate Stage  1789 Louis XVI summoned the Estates General.  1789 Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly.  1789 Oath of the Tennis Court Beginning of the French Revolution

40. Reforms  All forms of privilege were abolished.  The Catholic Church of France became a national institution.  Guilds and trade unions were abolished.  Decentralization: France was divided into 83 equal departments.

41.  The Radical Stage The Second French Revolution, 1792-1794

42. The Guillotine

44. Legacy  “The Revolution eroded the strength of those traditional institutions—church, guild, parish—that had for centuries given people a common bond. In their place now stood patriotic organizations and a culture that insisted on loyalty to one national cause” (Norton 706).

45. After the Revolution  1795-1799: The Directory  1799-1815: Napoleon

46. The Directory  A board of 5 men  Ineffective reaction

47. Napoleon Bonaparte  1799-1804: Consolidating Authority  1799 First Consul  1801 Concordat with the pope  1802 Consul for life  1804 Crowned himself emperor

48. Napoleon Bonaparte  1806-1815: Napoleon’s downfall  1806 The Continental System  1808 Invaded Spain  1812 Invaded Russia  1814 Abdication  1815 Exile

49. System of Administration  Centralization  Careers open to talent  Equality before the law  Abolition of ancient customs and privileges

50. Impact of French Revolution  Liberty: more freedom  Equality: no legal distinctions of rank  Nation: a nation of citizens, a nation ruled by law

51. The End