3. Factors Leading to the Wars of Religion  1. Protestant Reformation  2. Catholic Reformation  3. Prevailing medieval mental linking religion with political issues  The Wars of Religion will start in GERMANY

4. Round 1: Germany (1521- 1555)  HRE Charles V had troubles:  Little control over the HRE (Germany)  patchwork of over 300 principalities (resisting his authority)  Size of the HRE  border issues from France and the Ottoman Turks  Plagued with money problems  can’t fund his armies  This keeps Charles V from dealing with the Lutherans for over 20 years!

5. Round 1: Germany (1521- 1555)  1546  Charles V attacked and defeated an alliance of Lutheran princes (Schmalkaldic League) but he was never able to impose firm control  1555  Charles V agrees to the Peace of Augsburg  Compromise giving each German prince the right to choose the realm's religion as long as it was Catholic or Lutheran

6. Round 1: Germany (1521- 1555)  Peace of Augsburg outlawed Calvinists, Anabaptists, other non-Lutheran Protestants  This causes problems:  1. Calvinism keeps spreading across Germany  2. Charles V gives up his throne after 30 years  3. Thousands of refugees flee to the Spanish Netherlands, France, and England  spreads Calvinist and Anabaptist beliefs

7. Round 1: Germany (1521- 1555)  Charles V’s abdication leads to more problems:  1. Lands in Austria and the Imperial title goes to his brother Ferdinand  2. Charles V’s son Philip II (a staunch Catholic) inherits Spain, the Netherlands, most of Italy  This spreads the religious violence to other countries!

8. The Spanish Netherlands (1566-1648)  Philip II abused the Spanish Netherlands  Taxed them heavily to pay for his Spanish wars  Tried to impose his Catholic beliefs on them  Brought in the Inquisition to get rid of Calvinists and Anabaptists  Started a cycle of revolts/protests and Spanish repression until 1648  1648  Spain recognized Dutch independence

9. The French (1562-1598)The French (1562-1598)  Catholic majority against the Huguenot (French Calvinists) minority  Conflict last for over 30 years b/c:  Huguenots had a number of leaders who were nobles  Concentrated in largely fortified cities  Enthusiastic and well organized into local congregations  This bred a cycle of chaos/destruction where anarchy would steadily weaken the French gov’t power

10. The French (1562-1598)The French (1562-1598)  A series of assassination after 1588 (defeat of the Spanish Armada) led to a Huguenot duke inheriting the throne  Henry IV  He “converts” to Catholicism to give his enemies no reason to kill him  Grants the Huguenots religious freedom with the Edict of Nantes in 1598 – does not grant freedom for all!  The French were will to submit to a stronger rule in order to stop the warfare  this would set the stage for Louis XIV

11. Elizabethan England and the Spanish Armada  Extremely tolerant, excellent leader to her people  a “golden age” for England (1558-1603)  Philip II wants to re-establish Catholicism in England  Tries to put Mary Queen of Scots (Catholic) on the throne in the 1570’s  Elizabeth imprisons then executes her  Elizabeth help the Dutch against Spain, raids Spanish shipping

12. Elizabethan England and the Spanish Armada  Philip’s Plan: Armada and Spanish Army in Flanders would meet up  crush the English  crush the Dutch rebels  crush the Huguenots  Spain looked like the superior power but England developed new tactics and ship designs that revolutionized naval warfare  Sleeker ships  powered by sails  Relied on cannons (new design)

13. Elizabethan England and the Spanish Armada  The English attacked when the Spanish stopped in Calais to get supplies and contact the Army of Flanders  Forced the Spanish out into the open  used superior ship speed and power to defeat the Spanish  A “protestant wind” (storm) added to the damage  By the time the Spanish fleet returned home, half of it had been destroyed

14. Decline of SpainDecline of Spain  This did not destroy Spain as a power but did signal the end of Spanish dominance in Europe!  Spain wreaks itself in the Thirty Years War (1618- 1648)  France will replace Spain as the main superpower  Dutch Republic and England become the dominant naval and economic powers in Europe

15. Change in European Mentality  People are tired of religious wars and disputes  People take a more secular (worldly) view  By the late 1600’s these views would develop into the scientific and cultural movement know as the Enlightenment

17. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War  Holy Roman Empire is the battleground  At the beginning  Catholics vs. Protestants  At the end  Hapsburg power that was threatened  Resolved with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648

18. Causes of the Thirty Years WarCauses of the Thirty Years War  Causes : Religious Wars and fear of Hapsburg Spain and Austria (ruling family dynasty)  Europe is split into two camps:  Protestant: German P’s, Denmark, Dutch Republic, England, Sweden, Catholic Venice, and Catholic France  Catholic: German C’s, Spain, Austria, Spanish Netherlands, Naples, Milan, the Papacy, and Poland  Kings and princes building up armies in preparation

20. Bohemian Phase: 1618- 1622  Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia  Bohemians hate him  Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants  Defenestration of Prague  May 1618  Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II

21. Bohemian Phase: 1618- 1622  Frederick is a mediocre king  Ferdinand sweeps away Bohemian opposition  Confiscated large tracts of land  Exile Protestants  Reclaimed Bohemia for the Catholic Church  The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others!

22. Danish Phase: 1625-1629Danish Phase: 1625-1629  Ferdi tried to end all resistance  Tried to crush Protestant northern HRE  Used Albrecht von Wallenstein to for the army  Bohemian military leader and politician, offered his services and an army of 30,000 - 100,000 men  Wallenstein defeated the Protestants in the north

23. Danish Phase: 1625-1629Danish Phase: 1625-1629  Edict of Restitution : 1629  Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552  Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights  However, German princes feared Ferdinand  he fired Wallenstein in an effort to calm them

25. The Swedish Phase: 1630- 1635  France & Sweden get involved  Both want to stop the Hapsburg power  Sweden led the charge, France supported  Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HRE  Ferdi II brought back Wallenstein  Swedish advance stopped  German princes still fear Ferdi  Wallenstein assassinated to appease them

27. The French Phase: 1635- 1648  France and Sweden switch roles  All countries in Europe now participated  This is the most destructive phase!  German towns decimated  Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted  8 million dead  1/3 of population (1618-1648)  Caused massive inflation  Trade crippled throughout Europe

28. Loss of German Lives in the Thirty Years War

29. Peace of Westphalia (1648)Peace of Westphalia (1648)  Political and Religious Provisions  But no one was happy!  Many Protestants felt betrayed  Pope denounced it  Only merit  it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable  For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe

32. Change in European Mentality  People are tired of religious wars and disputes  People take a more secular (worldly) view  By the late 1600’s these views would develop into the scientific and cultural movement know as the Enlightenment