1. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 Chapter Sixteen Variant Sexual Behavior

2. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 What is Normal Sexual Behavior? Criteria Used to Define “Normal” Sexual Behavior  Prevalence  Moral correctness  Naturalness  Adaptiveness/Comfort Historical definitions change

3. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 Variant Sexual Behaviors: Definitions and Overview - 1 Table 16-1 The DSM-IV-TR Major Paraphilias ParaphiliaDescription ExhibitionismExposing one's genitals to a stranger or having a recurrent urge to do so. FrotteurismTouching or rubbing a non-consenting person in a sexual manner or having a recurrent urge to do so. PedophiliaEngaging in sexual behavior with a child or having a recurrent urge to do so. VoyeurismWatching a person who is either nude, undressing, or engaging in sexual behavior and is unaware that someone is watching, or having a recurrent urge to do so. FetishismBecoming sexually aroused by actual or fantasized objects (such as leather, lingerie, or shoes). Transvestic fetishismBecoming sexually aroused by dressing in the clothes of the other sex. Sexual sadismBecoming sexually aroused by actual or fantasized infliction of pain, humiliation, or physical constraint on another. Sexual masochismBecoming sexually aroused by actual or fantasized inflicted pain, humiliation, or physical constraint by another.

4. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 Variant Sexual Behaviors: Definitions and Overview - 2 Paraphilia An overdependence on a culturally unacceptable or unusual stimulus for sexual arousal and satisfaction. Legal Versus Illegal Paraphilias Paraphilias are legal or illegal depending on the degree to which the rights of others are affected. Personal Choices: Whose Business Is a Paraphilia? Persons with a paraphilia normally do not seek treatment unless forced to do so.

5. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 Types of Paraphilias - 1 Exhibitionism: Intense, recurrent sexual urge (for at least 6 months) to expose one’s genitals to a stranger. Frotteurism: Recurring, intense, sexual urges (for at least 6 months) accompanied by fantasies of touching or rubbing, often with the genitals, against a nonconsenting person. Toucherism involves using the hands. Voyeurism: Recurrent, intense urges to look at unsuspecting people who are naked, undressing, or engaging in sexual behavior.

6. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 Types of Paraphilias - 2 Fetishism: A pattern of deriving sexual arousal or sexual gratification from actual or fantasized inanimate objects. Transvestic Fetishism (Cross-Dressing): Recurrent, intense, sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies (for at least 6 months) involving cross-dressing. Sexual Sadism: Recurrent, intense, sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies (for at least 6 months) involving acts that hurt or humiliate the sexual partner.

7. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 Types of Paraphilias - 3 Stages in the Development of a Fetish

8. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 Types of Paraphilias - 4 Sexual Masochism: Recurrent, intense, sexual urges (for at least 6 months) in which sexual arousal or gratification is obtained through enacting scripts that involve experiencing suffering and pain. Sadomasochistic Clubs and Subculture

9. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 Types of Paraphilias - 5 Other Paraphilias  Acrotomophilia: Deriving sexual arousal or gratification from engaging in sex with an amputee  Asphyxiophilia: Cutting off one’s air supply to enhance orgasm  Autonepiophilia: Deriving sexual arousal or gratification from wearing wet diapers  Gerontophilia: Becoming sexually aroused by elderly individuals  Necrophilia: Deriving sexual arousal or gratification from sexual activity with a dead person

10. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 Types of Paraphilias - 6 Other Paraphilias (continued) Somnophilia: Fondling a person who is sleeping so as to become sexually aroused. The person is often a stranger. Urophilia: Using urine for sexual arousal either by watching someone urinate or by urinating on someone. Zoophilia: Becoming aroused by sexual contact with animals (commonly known as bestiality).

11. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 Types of Paraphilias -7 Other Paraphilias (continued) In addition to the acts listed above, other variant activities that may be done for erotic motives include tattooing, piercing, and scarification. Is Rape a Paraphilia? There is professional disagreement over whether rape should be classified as a paraphilia.

12. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 The Origins of Paraphilias: Theoretical Perspectives - 1 Psychoanalytic Theory Paraphilias may be viewed as symptoms of unresolved subconscious conflicts. Feminist Perspective Paraphilias such as pedophilia and sexual sadism are expressions of aggression more than sexuality. Learning Theory Paraphilias are learned by means of both classical and operant conditioning.

13. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 The Origins of Paraphilias: Theoretical Perspectives - 2 Biological Theory The degree to which biological variables are responsible for the development of paraphilias is controversial. Paraphilia as a Vandalized Lovemap Social experiences “vandalize” or disrupt traditional sexual-erotic development socialization and may contribute to the development of pedophilia.

14. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 The Origins of Paraphilias: Theoretical Perspectives - 3 Paraphilia as a Courtship Disorder Courtship Disorder A distortion of the standard sequence of interpersonal events in courtship that lead to the development of an intimate relationship. Used as a theory to explain rape, the rapist short circuits the courtship stages and progresses immediately to intercourse.

15. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 Treatment of Paraphilias - 1 Stages in Treatment of Paraphilias

16. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 Treatment of Paraphilias - 2 Decreasing Deviant Sexual Arousal  Aversive Conditioning  Covert Sensitization Increasing Nondeviant Sexual Arousal  Masturbatory conditioning  Exposure  Systematic desensitization Personal Choices: Can People Control Their Own Paraphilias? Therapists disagree about the degree to which persons with paraphilias can control the behavioral expression of their paraphilia.

17. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 Treatment of Paraphilias - 3 Learning Social Skills Treatment of paraphilias often involves teaching the person how to: Initiate a conversation Empathize Listen Keep a conversation going Changing Faulty Cognitions Correcting these cognitive distortions often occurs in the context of group therapy.

18. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2004 Treatment of Paraphilias - 4 Resolving Sexual Dysfunctions Unless the sexual dysfunctions are treated, the individual with a paraphilia may continue to perceive no alternative for sexual gratification other than engaging in paraphilic behavior. Sexual Addictions: A False Concept? Sexual Addiction Sometimes described as an intimacy disorder manifested by a compulsive cycle of preoccupation and ritualization of sexual behavior and despair.