1. Introduction to Film Studies Film Form and Film Style

2. What is a film made of? What is told -- stories How are they told and shown -- narrative, mise- en-scène and montage Narrative is made of a combination of stories - Story is a ‘event unit’ (It relates a event occurring to whom, when, where and how) - Narrative is made up of several of these interrelated ‘event units’ (stories) e.g. a virgin birth, a visit of three Magi (stories) Life of Jesus, the New Testament (narratives)

3. What is a film made of? Story – eg. virgin birth; visit of three Magi; massacre of the innocents; flight into Egypt; baptism; Last Supper; Passion Narrative – eg. Life of Jesus in the New Testament Various and intentional ways of combining narrative elements in narrative Deliberate ways of telling stories

4. What is a film made of? Mise-en-scène in film refers to everything present and and that takes place in front of the camera. It includes: set, location, actor, composition, costumes, make-up, prop: & acting, lighting, camera position, camera angle, camera movement, film stock, aspect ratio, sound Montage refers to the ways in which film shots are combined and arranged. Narrative, mise-en-scène and montage - formal aspects of a film

5. Stories and Forms ‘ Life of Pi must be the most beautiful film of the year, a technical marvel, and magic realism at its most magical. Anyone who has read Yann Martel’s Booker Prize-winning novel will know that it tells the story of an Inidan teenager named Pi shipwrecked in a lifeboat with a ravenous Bengal tiger. They encounter many marvels – a sky full of flying fish, swimming with iridescent jellyfish, a carnivorous island. All these wonders and more are brought to the screen with dreamlike intensity.’ Daily Mail, 21 December 2012

6. Stories and Forms ‘Using state-of-art 3D and digitally created beasts, Lee and his team of technicians make it utterly real … Pi [Suraj Sharma] confronts thirst and starvation, finds a modus vivendi with the fierce tiger, endures and wonders at a mighty storm, a squadron of flying fish, a humpbacked whale, a school of dolphins, a night illuminated by luminous jellyfish. This brave new world is observed by a young Chilean director of photography … The movie does for water and sea what Lawrence of Arabia did for sand and desert.’ Observer, 23 December 2013

7. Narrative Story and Narrative Story – an account of an event or related events Narrative – an account of connected stories In a narrative event units or stories are combined and arranged in a certain way The way in which they are combined and arranged is a narrative form

8. Narrative Script writer organizes and arranges stories into a narrative NARATIVE STRUCTURE Classical narrative structure Beginning – Middle – End Exposition – Development – Climax (denouement)

9. Beginning / Exposition Michael Curtiz’s Casablanca (1942) Rick, an American expatriate, runs a bar-club, in Casablanca, Morocco.

10. Middle /Development Suddenly, Rick’s former love, Ilsa turns up and they fall in love again. As she is married to a Hungarian spy, Rick has to give up her in spite of her wish to stay with him in Casablanca.

11. End /Climax At the last moment, Rick makes Ilsa board the plane to Lisbon with her husband, telling her she would regret it if she stayed.

12. Denouement “Maybe not today, maybe not tomorrow, but soon and for the rest of your life.”

13. Narrative A framing (or frame) narrative surrounds a primary narrative and provide a context or setting for it. This framing narrative often begins and ends the film like bookends, but sometimes simply begin a film. Framing narrative in Akira Kurosawa’s Rashomon ‘A woodcutter and a priest under a half-ruined gate to stay dry in a downpour tells a commoner what they witnessed at court.

14. Framing Narrative The frame narrative contains four conflicting narratives of the same event – the murdering of a samurai.

15. Bandit’s Story Tajomaru, a notorious brigand, claims that he tricked a samurai and killed him in the duel that the samurai’s wife requested but she escaped while they were fighting.

16. Wife’s Story Tajomaru left after he raped her. She begged her husband to forgive her, but he looked at her with disdain. His look disturbed her so much that she fainted. She woke up to find that her husband dead with a dagger in his chest.

17. Samurai’s Story The samurai claims that Tajomaru, after raping his wife, asked her to travel with him. She accepted and asked Tajomaru to kill her husband. Samurai killed himself and his wife fled.

18. Woodcutter’s Story After Tajomaru raped Samurai’s wife, he begged her to marry him, but instead she freed her husband. As Samurai was reluctant to fight Tajomaru, his wife criticized both of them unmanly and spurred them to fight one another. Samurai was killed.

19. Climax: Frame Narrative At the gate, the three are interrupted from their discussion by the sound of a crying baby. They find a baby abandoned in a basket, and the commoner tries to take a kimono and an amulet. The woodcutter intervenes and takes her to his home to raise her.

20. Openings and Endings A narrative starts from its very beginning – ab obo or ab initio Casablanca begins with an introduction in which the film’s backgrounds are explained away. Alfred Hitchcock’s Stranger on a Train (1951) Tennis star Guy Haines meets Bruno Anthony, a stranger on a train. Knowing from a gossip magazine that Guy wants to divorce from his wife, Bruno proposes the perfect ‘criss-cross’ murders. Strangers on a Train Part II Strangers on a TrainPart II

21. Openings and Endings Medias-res - an artistic and literary technique of relating a story from a midpoint rather than the beginning. Edward Dmytryk’s Crossfire (1947) is about the murder of a man in his girlfriend apartment in Washington DC. A homicide captain discovers evidence that one or more demobilized soldiers are involved in his death. The film begins with the murdering and then shows the events leading up to the killing. Medias-res Crossfire

22. Openings and Endings Another typical example of medias-res found in Francis Ford Coppola’s Godfather (1972) It is about the conflicts and continuing fightings between New York Mafia families, and the death of a godfather and the rise of a younger one. The story begins as Don Vito Corleone, the head of a New York Mafia family, oversees his daughter’s wedding. He is consulting a Italian- American who wants help from the godfather.