1. by Amber McKenzie and Laura Boccanfuso

2. Dijkstra’s Algorithm Question: How do you know that Dijkstra’s algorithm finds the shortest path and is optimal when implemented with the Fibonacci heap?

3. Single-Source Shortest Path  For a given vertex, determine the shortest path between that vertex and every other vertex, i.e. minimum spanning tree.

4. Premise of Dijkstra’s Algorithm  First, finds the shortest path from the vertex to the nearest vertex.  Then, finds the shortest path to the next nearest vertex, and so on.  These vertices, for which the shortest paths have been found, form a subtree.  Thus, the next nearest vertex must be among the vertices that are adjacent to those in the subtree; these next nearest vertices are called fringe vertices.

5. Premise cont.  The fringe vertices are maintained in a priority queue which is updated with new distances from the source vertex at every iteration.  A vertex is removed from the priority queue when it is the vertex with the shortest distance from the source vertex of those fringe vertices that are left.

6. Pseudocode for every vertex v in V do d v ← ∞; p v ← null Insert(Q, v, d v ) //initialize vertex priority in the priority queue d s ← 0; Decrease(Q, s, d s ) //update priority of s with d s V T ← Ø for i ← 0 to |V| - 1 do u* ← DeleteMin(Q) //delete the minimum priority element V T ← V t U {u*} for every vertex u in V – V T that is adjacent to u* do if d u* + w(u*, u) < d u d u ← d u* + w(u*, u); p u ← u* Decrease(Q, u, d u )

7. Dijkstra’s Algorithm a d c b f e 2 3 7 5 8 2 1 6 4

8. a d c b f e 2 5 8 a(-, 0) Tree verticesRemaining vertices b(a, 2) c(a, 5) d(a, 8) e(-, ∞) f(-, ∞)

9. Dijkstra’s Algorithm a d c b f e 2 5 8 2 6 b(a, 2) Tree verticesRemaining vertices c(b, 2+2) d(a, 8) e(-, ∞ ) f(b, 2+6)

10. Dijkstra’s Algorithm a d c b f e 2 3 5 8 2 1 6 c(b, 4) Tree verticesRemaining vertices d(a, 8) e(c, 4+1) f(b, 8)

11. Dijkstra’s Algorithm a d c b f e 2 3 7 5 8 2 1 6 4 e(c, 5) Tree verticesRemaining vertices d(a, 8) f(b, 8)

12. Dijkstra’s Algorithm a d c b f e 2 3 7 5 8 2 1 6 4 d(a, 8) Tree verticesRemaining vertices f(b, 8)

13. Dijkstra’s Algorithm a d c b f e 2 8 2 1 6

14. Dijkstra’s Algorithm: Priority Queue Tree verticesRemaining vertices a(-, 0)b(a, 2) c(a, 5) d(a, 8) e(-, ∞) f(-, ∞) b(a, 2)c(b, 2+2) d(a, 8) e(-, ∞ ) f(b, 2+6) c(b, 4)d(a, 8) e(c, 4+1) f(b, 8) e(c, 5)d(a, 8) f(b, 8) d(a, 8)f(b, 8) f(b, 8)

15. Fibonacci Heap Implementation  Manipulation of heap/queue  Time complexity efficiency What makes the Fibonacci Heap optimally suited for implementing the Dijkstra algorithm? http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat.html#Rabbitswww.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat.html#Rabbits

16. Fibonacci Heap Implementation Manipulation of heap/queue  Insert operation: creates a new heap with one element then performs a merge  Merge operation: concatenate the lists of tree roots of the two heaps  Decrease_key: take the node, decrease the key and reorder nodes if necessary, mark node or cut (if smaller than parent)  Delete_min: take root of min element and remove; decrease number of roots by linking together ones with same degree, check each remaining node to find minimum and delete 4 7 2 9 5

17. Fibonacci Heap Implementation OperationUSDL List* 2-3 tree HeapBinomialFibonacci make O (1) empty O( 1 ) insert O( 1 )O( logn ) O( 1 ) find_min O( n )O( logn )O (1) O( logn )O( 1 ) delete_min O( n )O( logn ) delete O( 1 )O( logn ) merge O( 1 )O(n) O( logn )O( 1 ) decrease_key O( 1 )O( logn ) O( 1 ) * USDL list: Unsorted Doubly Linked list Time Complexity Efficiency

18. Worst-case complexity  Formula to discover the worst-case complexity for Dijkstra’s algorithm: W(n,m) = O(n * cost of insert + n * cost of delete_min + m * cost of decrease_key) (Where n = maximum size of priority queue m = number of times inner loop is performed)

19. Worst-case complexity (cont.)  Unsorted linked list: W(n,m) = O(n* 1 + n * n + m * 1) = O(n 2 )  2-3 Tree : W(n,m) = O(n * logn + n * logn + m * logn) = O(mlogn)  Fibonacci Heap: W(n,m) = O(n * 1 + n * logn + m * 1) = O(nlogn + m)

20. Optimality of Dijkstra’s Algorithm  Adversary argument  In this case, it is the argument that there exists a path between the source vertex s and the target vertex t that is shorter than the path already determined by the algorithm. st

21. Adversary Argument  Since we have already determined the shortest paths to all the previous vertices that are now in the tree, this must mean that the path from s to t goes through some other vertex v whose distance from s has yet to be determined (meaning it is still in the priority queue). st v

22. Adversary Argument Cont.  The catch is that if this other vertex v through which t passes is still in the priority queue, then its distance to s is longer than that of all other vertices already in the tree.  Thus it cannot be a shorter distance than that which is already determined between s and t. st v

23. References  “ Algorithms and Data Structures Design, Correctness and Analysis” Jeffrey H. Kingston  “ A Result on the Computational Complexity of Heuristic Estimates for the A* Algorithm” Marco Valtorta  “ The Design & Analysis of Algorithms” Anany Levitin  Animation http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/software/AlgAnim/dijkstra.html#dijkstra_animwww.cs.auckland.ac.nz/software/AlgAnim/dijkstra.html#dijkstra_anim