1. Instrument Ground Training Module 5
Randy Schoephoerster

2. Agenda Airports, ATC and Airspace Runway Markings Airport Signs VASI’s
PAPI’s
Wake Turbulence
Collision Avoidance
IFR Flight Planning
ATC Clearances and Communication Procedures
Radio Failure
Airspace

3. CAUTION…………………..
The sole purpose of this class is to expedite your passing the FAA knowledge test. With that said, all extra material not directly tested on the FAA knowledge test is omitted, even though much more information and knowledge is necessary to fly safely. Consult the FAR/AIM (CFR) and other FAA Handbooks for further information along with a Flight Instruction course.
Instrument Knowledge Test is good for 24 calendar months FAA-G d

4. CFR 61.65 (d) Instrument Practical Test Requirements
(d) Aeronautical experience for the instrument-airplane rating. A person who applies for an instrument-airplane rating must have logged:
(1) Fifty hours of cross country flight time as pilot in command, of which 10 hours must have been in an airplane; and
(2) Forty hours of actual or simulated instrument time in the areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of this section, of which 15 hours must have been received from an authorized instructor who holds an instrument-airplane rating, and the instrument time includes:
(i) Three hours of instrument flight training from an authorized instructor in an airplane that is appropriate to the instrument-airplane rating within 2 calendar months before the date of the practical test; and
(ii) Instrument flight training on cross country flight procedures, including one cross country flight in an airplane with an authorized instructor, that is performed under instrument flight rules, when a flight plan has been filed with an air traffic control facility, and that involves—
(A) A flight of 250 nautical miles along airways or by directed routing from an air traffic control facility;
(B) An instrument approach at each airport; and
(C) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation systems.

5. Precision Instrument Runway Markings
Distance A
1,000ft from runway threshold to the fixed distance marker
Distance B
500ft from the runway threshold to the touchdown zone marker is 500ft
Distance C
500ft from the beginning of the touchdown zone marker to the beginning of the fixed distance marker

6. Displaced Threshold
The paved area before the displaced threshold is available for
Taxiing
Landing rollout and
Takeoff
Cannot be used for landing

7. Displaced Threshold
White arrows are located along the centerline in the area between the beginning of the runway and displaced threshold. White arrow heads are located across the width of the runway just prior to the threshold bar.

8. Displaced Threshold at Night
Approach end of the runway is on the right
Taxiing and takeoff are permitted toward the green threshold lights.

9. Airport Signs Mandatory Instruction Signs
Red Background with white lettering
Runway approach area holding position signs
Runway holding position markings have four yellow lines, two solid and two dashed lines
Identify where an aircraft is to hold short of the runway

10. ILS Critical Area Boundary Sign
Identifies the edge of the ILS critical area
When an ILS is in use, aircraft must hold short to prevent blocking or interfering with the ILS glide slope antenna installed at the airport

11. Direction Signs
Direction signs consist of black lettering on yellow background
Destination (name) and direction of taxiways leading out of an intersection

12. VASI Visual Approach Slope Indicator
A system of lights that provide visual descent information during approach to a runway
The visual glide path of the VASI provides safe obstruction clearance within plus or minus 10° of the extended runway centerline and to 4 NM from the runway threshold.
Glide slope is normally 3 degrees
Red over White means you are alright
Red over Red means you are dead

13. 3 Light Bar VASI Provide a lower and a higher glide path
The 3 bar VASI provides two visual glide paths (an upper and a lower). The upper glide path, provided by the middle and far bar, is normally ¼° higher than the lower glide path and constitute a 2 bar VASI.
High glide path is for high cockpit aircraft.
Usually 3.25 degrees
Lower glide path when
Near bar is white and far bars are red
Higher glide path when
Near bars are white, far bar is red

14. Tri Color VASI
A tri-color VASI normally consists of a single light unit projecting a three-color visual approach path into the final approach area
Red: Below glide path
Green: On glide path
Amber: Above glide path
Not very accurate

15. PAPI Precision Approach Path Indicator Single row
On glide path is two white on left, two red on right

16. Wake Turbulence Greatest Vortex occurs when Worst wind condition Heavy
Clean
Slow Aircraft
During takeoff
Worst wind condition
Light crosswind of 3-7 kts results in the upwind vortex tending to remain over the runway

17. Collision Avoidance
Use the centerline of the airway to avoid other aircraft when in VFR conditions
Use gentle banks left and right during climbs and descents in VFR conditions to permit continual scanning
When in VFR, the pilot must assume the responsibility to see and avoid other aircraft, regardless of whether operating under IFR clearance

18. IFR Flight Planning Information
Pilot should receive a preflight briefing from Flight Service Station (FSS)
Weather advisories
Notices about en route airports
Notices about Navigational aids
Notams
NOTAMS(D): Distant, Navigational facilities and public use airports
NOTAMS(L): Local, Taxiway closures, equipment crossing runways, airport light outages that do not affect instrument approach criteria
NOTAMS FDC: Updates to approach procedures, charts and flight restrictions
Best Sources of airport conditions are
AFD
NOTAMS (L)
NOTAMS (D)
Airport Beacon
On during the day typically indicates IFR weather conditions

19. IFR Flight Plan Composite flight plan (part VFR, part IFR)
Check both VFR and IFR in block 1
When transitioning from VFR to IFR, contact closest FSS to close the VFR portion and request ATC IFR clearance
Aircraft Type: A slash followed by a letter indicating combinations of
Useable transponder
DME
Navigation equipment
Multiple altitudes: Enter only the first leg altitude
Time en route is to the first landing point
Fuel-On-Board Time: Useable fuel
IFR flight plans can be cancelled only if you are flying in VFR conditions outside class A airspace

20. IFR Flights Pilot must initiate IFR flight plan cancellation
By radio while airborne if conditions are VFR
By radio or telephone as soon as the aircraft is on the ground

21. Instrument Ground Training Module 5
Randy Schoephoerster