1. Enhanced Ion Tweeter Our Team Members Rob Alejnikov Mark Blattner Colin Joye Our Advisor Dr. Robert Caverly

2. Project Objectives What did we do? Created an audio transducer that offers the same frequency content in all directions. Concentrated on high frequencies since they tend to beam the most. How we did it: The Ion flame What is it? Voltage --> flame size --> sound Existing devices use vacuum tubes, creating excessive heat Goal Raise power efficiency Decrease unit cost

3. Presentation Objectives Intro, Audio Subsystem – Rob High Voltage Generation – Mark Results and Conclusions – Colin

4. The Audio Subsystem Need Ion tweeter cannot implement low frequencies --> Filter Output of source device (CD, cassette) up to 1 V; power rail modulation requires ~ 30 V --> Gain Design Criteria Flat frequency response for high audio frequencies Sufficient gain on signal passed to high voltage circuit

5. The Audio Subsystem 3-stage implementation Buffer for high input impedance Low Pass High Pass Performance measures Cutoff at 4 kHz and 40 kHz Total gain factor up to 60

6. High Voltage Circuit Operation Generates high voltage necessary for Corona Discharge Major Components Power MOSFET MOSFET Gate Driver Coil Uses Resonant Properties of Coil to produce High Voltages Self-Oscillating nature of circuit provides resilience to environmental changes

7. Coil Implementations Keys to producing High Voltage Resonant Frequency between 3MHz and 8MHz to avoid audible hiss and limitations of technology High Quality Factor (Q) causes near open circuit Low DC resistance

8. Coil Implementations 10 Coils Built and Tested Built with Varying Specs Dimension, wire gauge, and number of turns Coil Chosen 16 Gauge Wire 45 Turns 5 MHz Resonance D=3” H=2.5”

9. Field Effect Transistor (FET) FET rapidly switches a small current in the coil. Optimal FET High Voltage handling  >500 volts High Transconductance  Greater current in coil Low Gate Capacitance  <500 pico-Farads  Reduces stress on Gate Driver

10. Interface Methods Numerous Approaches Tried and Tested Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) via Gate Driver Power Rail Modulation via Audio Transformer Ground Rail Modulation via Audio Transformer Faraday Shield Modulation

11. Interface Methods Decided on Power Rail Modulation PWM unable to obtain clean waveforms and oscillations Faraday Shield requires very High Voltages

12. Noise versus Coil Frequency Flame Flicker Noise present up to 3MHz, as noted by Siegfried Klein in 1956. This noise is virtually inaudible 7MHz and up. At 30MHz, the flame has a different appearance and no noise.

13. Testing Power Efficiency Test Tube-based: 114W at 1cm flame height. FET-based: 67W at 1cm flame height. 40% Power savings

14. Unit Cost Unit Cost (45% savings): FET: $48.46 (to us), $65.44 (industry) Tube: $120.53 Total man-hours: 750 man-hours Estimated industry cost: $45,270

15. Recommendations For Increased Linearity: Pulse Width modulation of the FET.  Requires high speed, high precision circuitry.  Requires virtually zero extra power.  Occupies almost no space. Faraday Shield Modulation.  Affects the voltage gradient directly.  Requires high voltage audio. Increase operation frequency Increase flame power

16. In Conclusion Special Thanks to: Texas Instruments (gate drivers) BGR-WYK Distributors (ST FETs) International Rectifier (FETs) Fairchild Semiconductors (FETs) Alpha Industries (diodes) Join us for a demo in CEER 210. Questions????