1. Homeostasis I. Introduction A. Definition B. Purpose

2. Regulators versus Conformers = Problems and/or advantages exist for each strategy? How to get rid of nitrogenous waste? Figure 44.8

3. II. Thermoregulation A. Q 10 Effect B. Heat Loss or Gain

4. Causes of heat loss or gain  convection, radiation, evaporation, and conduction Figure 40.13 Figure 40.11

5. C. Strategies

6. Surface area Moisture Generally Endotherms or Ectotherms Homeotherm, Heterotherm or Poikilotherm, Figure 40.7

7. D. Adjustments

8. Surface area Moisture Vasodilatation / vasoconstriction, countercurrent exchanges, Figure 40.12

9. Surface area Moisture evaporative losses, Figure 40.14

10. Surface area Moisture behavioral responses, and metabolic shifting Figure 40.13

11. E. Regulation

12. Surface area Moisture Negative feedback loop monitored by the hypothalamus Figure 40.16

13. F. Extreme Adjustments

14. Surface area Moisture Daily torpor, Estivation,

15. Surface area Moisture and Hibernation

16. III. H 2 O Regulation A. Osmolarity B. Regulation

17. Surface area Moisture Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses 1. Aquatic Strategies a. Stenohaline b. Euryhaline c. Marine Fishes d. Freshwater Fishes

18. Surface area Moisture Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses

19. Surface area Moisture Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses Figure 44.3a

20. Surface area Moisture Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses Figure 44.3b

21. Surface area Moisture Anadromous versus Catadromous

22. Surface area Moisture 2. Terrestrial Strategies a. Wax b. Keratinized Cells c. Scales d. Mucous Membranes e. Behavior Figure 44.15

23. Surface area Moisture Figure 44.15 f. Anhydrobiosis Figure 44.5

24. Surface area Moisture Figure 44.15 g. Specific Glands Figure 44.7

25. IV. Excretory Strategies A. Processes & Systems

26. Surface area Moisture Excretion involves filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion What system(s) are involved in these processes? Digestive Integumentary Respiratory Urinary Figure 44.10

27. B. Urinary Strategies 1. Protonephridia

28. Surface area Moisture Protonephridia or Flame Cell == direct method Figure 44.11

29. 2. Metanephridia

30. Surface area Moisture Metanephridia == ciliated nephrostome filters and excrete thru a nephridiopore Figure 44.12 This system has both excretory and osmoregulatory function.

31. Surface area Moisture

32. 3. Malpighian Tubes

33. Surface area Moisture Malpighian Tubes establish osmotic gradients in the tubes dump into midgut. Reabsorption thru rectum and exits with the feces. Figure 44.13

34. Surface area Moisture

35. 4. Vertebrate Kidneys a. Structure

36. Surface area Moisture Vertebrate Kidneys two main components nephrons and tubes Figure 44.20 Figure 44.14

37. b. Function

38. Surface area Moisture The nephron == Bowman’s capsule, PCT, PST, Loop of Henle, DST, and the DCT Figure 44.20 Figure 44.13d

39. c. Vascularization

40. Surface area Moisture The vascularization == renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta, and renal vein Figure 44.20 Figure 44.14

41. d. Making Urine

42. Surface area Moisture ReabsorbConcentrate FiltrateEstablish Gradient Adjust Osmolarity Figure 44.15 Reabsorb Water

43. Surface area Moisture Osmolar changes as the fluid passes through the nephron Figure 44.16

44. e. Control

45. Surface area Moisture Control of urine production == 1. blood pressure, 2. filtrate concentrations, and 3. hormone production Figure 44.19

46. Always make the results your best.