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Ancient Trade 5/14/20151 The Agricultural Revolution Surplus,Cities,Trade,Empire
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Ancient Trade 5/14/20152 Modern Man Homo Sapiens Sapiens Appear c. 40-50,000bp F In 2 nd half of the last glacial period (70-12,000bp) F At end of ice age climate still sub-arctic w/ frequent rain/drought –Humankind still cave-dwelling hunter –Cave-art show bows & flint-tipped arrows Warming period after last ice age. 8500 bce –Change in vegetation dryer, increased reliance on grasses that grew in mountain foothills –Extinction of large mammals mammoths, mastodons –Humankind adapts to changes –Supplements meager diet with wild wheat –Flint sickles, mortar & pestles “Incipient agriculture” not yet planting the crop
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Ancient Trade 5/14/20153 The Mountains Surrounding Mesopotamia
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Ancient Trade 5/14/20154
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5/14/20155 “Agricultural Revolution” c. 6,000 bce (8,000 bp) Cultivation of wheat & barley begins on mountain slops of large, arid, river valleys –Tigris-Euphrates & Indus rivers –Dry-farming (rain and small streams diverted via ditch) –Fired pottery, polished stone tools –Domestication of goats, pigs, cattle –earliest villages –Cultivation created humankind’s 1 st “SURPLUS” Surplus permitted increased population u Increasing population led to… pressure to move down into flat, arid valley u But, how control the irregular flow of big rivers?
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Ancient Trade 5/14/20156 Taming the Rivers u Built Levees & Canals u Large scale irrigation u Two key results of irrigated cultivation 1.Required social organization government 2.Much larger “Surplus” leads to… A.Not everyone had to farm specialized crafts, military B.1 st large towns, (Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Umma, & others) C.These soon became city states c. 3500 bce D.Urban culture E.Elite governing classes (priests) F.Division of population into “Social Classes”
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Ancient Trade 5/14/20157 Other important Developments in Tigris-Euphrates river valley Need to keep records of surplus Writing u Wheel u Bronze (copper & tin) u Brick & stone buildings (private & public) u Legal system Hammarubi Code u City-states unified First empire created SUMER SUMER
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Ancient Trade 5/14/20158 Sumer
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Ancient Trade 5/14/20159 Sumer 3200 – 2360
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201510 Similar Development in Other large River Valleys u Tigris & Euphrates Rivers u Nile River u Indus River (flowing from the Himalayas) u Huang-Ho
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201511 River Valleys not self-sufficient, lacked… u Minerals (copper for bronze), wood,spices u How obtain??? TRADE
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201512
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5/14/201513 How do ancients become powerful empires? u Be by a water source u Use irrigation to develop agricultural surplus u Use surplus to: –TRADE –free some people for other things
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201514 Some Ancient Traders 1. Sumerians 2. Babylonians 3. Egyptians 4. Minoans - Greeks 5. Phoenicians 6. Romans 7. Chinese 8. Parthians
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201515 Mesoptamia 2500 - 1700
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201516 The Egyptians
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201517
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5/14/201518 Egyptian Trade 2850-715
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201519 The Egyptians u Exported papyrus, linen, grain u Imported ivory, ebony, leopard skins, ostrich eggs and plumes, gold, cattle and slaves from Nubia (Kush), wood from the Levant
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201520 The Minoans 2600 - 1425
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201521 The Mycenaens 1350
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201522 The Early Greeks u Minoans control Crete - 1600 BC u Greeks learned to combine tin and copper to make bronze u Mycenaeans traded bronze, pottery, hides, timber, wine, olive oil for tin, copper, ivory, linen, papyrus, and rope
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201523 Athens u Athenians couldn’t feed themselves so they exported olive oil, wine, and pottery for grain from Russia and timber from Macedonia u Athens was the largest importer of grain in the ancient world u Athenian fleet determined Athenian supremacy - paid for with silver from Athenian mines
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201524 The Greeks
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201525 The Phoenicians
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201526 Phoenicians=Canaanites =Lebanese u Traded for 1000 years, opening the Mediterranean u Timber = Cedars of Lebanon, supplied Greeks, Egyptians, Israelites (Temple of Solomon) u Large jars filled with wine and olive oil u Skilled laborers u Distribution center for Egyptian goods including papyrus, linen and ivory - Byblos = book, Bible
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201527 The Phoenicians
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201528 Phoenicians u Cut off from land to the east, they became masters of the sea - Tyre, Sidon, Beirut u At first, stayed close, trading for copper from Cyprus and wool from Rhodes u Eventually sailed by night and out of sight of land. u Through Gibraltar to Moroccan Coast
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201529 Phoenicians u Established colonies including Carthage u Eventually sailed north - Spain, Ireland, England u Huge demand for metals - gold and silver, copper and tin needed to turn copper into bronze, iron u Phoenicians most famed export were brilliantly dyed textiles - murex - Phoenicia from Greek - purple dye
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201530 Mediterranean and Black Seas
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201531 The Silk Road
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201532 The Parthians u Controlled the Silk Road u Connected Rome in the West with India and China in the East
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201533 The Chinese u Supplied jade, porcelain, silk u Obtained spices and supplied rest of world u Silk road to Rome u Some claim they traded with South America u Pulled back in 15 th century because of expense
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201534 The Silk Road
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Ancient Trade 5/14/201535 Mediterranean and Black Seas
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