1. Pyramids on the Nile
Chapter 2 Section 2

2. Objective:
Students will be able to describe the characteristics of early Egyptian civilization

3. While the Sumerian civilization was growing a similar process was developing along the banks of the Nile river. Egyptian Civilization would turn out to be different than the Sumerian city states.

4. Geography of Egypt Nile = 4184 miles
Nile is the 1st or 2nd longest river in the world.
it winds from Uganda to Ethiopia, flowing through a total of nine countries. While the Nile River is often associated with Egypt, it actually touches Ethiopia, Zaire, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and Sudan, as well as Egypt.

5. Gift of the Nile - Just like in Mesopotamia, yearly flooding brought rich soil which allowed settlements to grow. The flood left behind a fertile black mud.

6. The people would use the soil to prepare fields for growing wheat and barley. They also used irrigation ditches. Some Egyptians worshiped the Nile as a god who gave them life and seldom turned against them.

7. The Egyptians mostly used the lower part of the Nile, the 750 miles before the river empties north into the Mediterranean.
Beyond those 750 miles jagged granite cliffs and boulders turn the river into churning rapids called a cataract.

8. River boats could not pass this First Cataract
River boats could not pass this First Cataract. Between the First Cataract were Upper and Lower Egypt. Upper Egypt went from the First Cataract to the point at which the Nile fans out.

9. Lower Egypt consisted of the Nile delta region, which begins about 100 miles before the Nile enters the Mediterranean Sea.
The delta region is rich land because of the soil deposits.

10. Boat travel was easy because the Nile flowed north, and the winds went from north to south. This made it easy for people to trade with one another.

11. Farmers had an easier time in Egypt than they did in the Mesopotamia region. The Nile flooded on a yearly cycle like clockwork rather than following an unpredictable pattern.
Egypt vs Mesopotamia

12. The deserts separated Egyptians from other lands
The deserts separated Egyptians from other lands. The people were forced to live by the Nile, but they did not have to worry about the threat from invaders and avoided constant warfare.

13. (A) THE DELTA North of Memphis, the Nile divided into channels, to form a delta. Much of this land was swampy, but the rest was good for farming.
(B) OASIS The Western Desert had a few places where enough water was available for crops to be grown. These were called oases.
(C) THE EASTERN DESERT The Eastern Desert had no oases but it contained valuable minerals, including gold.
(D) THE VALLEY The valley was only 19 km wide but over 5,960 km long.
(E) CATARACTS Ships sailing south were stopped by cataracts (rapids).

14. Around 3200 B.C., the Egyptians started making contact and trading with the people from Mesopotamia. Around 2000 B.C. the Egyptians were using barges to travel south to Nubia and Kush. They traveled to those places in search of gold, ivory, cattle, and granite blocks for their temples and tombs.

15. The Egyptians blended the cultures of the Nile Valley peoples with the cultures of people who migrated into the valley from other parts of Africa and the Fertile Crescent.
Egypt became a land of cultural, ethnic, and racial diversity throughout its 3000 year history.

16. Egypt Unites into a Kingdom
Farming villages in Egypt dated back to 5000 B.C.
The villages had their own rituals, gods, and chieftains.

17. The villages were under the rule of two separate kingdoms, Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt.
According to legend the king of Lower Egypt wore a red crown and the king of Upper Egypt wore a white crown shaped like a bowling ball pin.
Around 3100 B.C., an Upper Egypt king named Menes united all of Egypt.
As a symbol of this union he created a double crown that mixed the red and white crowns.

18. Menes established the capital at Memphis, near the spot where Lower and Upper Egypt met.

19. Legend has it that Menes had a long and successful reign until he was carried off and killed by a hippopotamus

23. The Old Kingdom
Little is know about the first two dynasties, but records were kept for the Third Dynasty.
This dynasty has become known as the Old Kingdom.

24. In the Mesopotamia region the kings were representatives of the gods, in Egypt, the kings were gods. The Egyptian god-kings were called pharaohs.

25. (A) TRIBUTE Rulers of smaller countries recognised the king of Egypt as their overlord. They sent him tributes - expensive gifts - as a sign of loyalty. (B) ATTENDANTS The king was attended by scribes, courtiers, his family, priests, and sometimes the governors of the provinces. (C) VIZIER The most powerful man after the king was the vizier, or chief minister. (D) PHARAOH The power of the pharaoh had no limit. He owned the whole country. He decided what was right and wrong, and his word was law.

26. The Pharaoh was the center of religion, government, and army.
A government in which the ruler is a divine figure is known as a theocracy.

27. Pharaohs
Egyptians believed the Pharaoh was in charge of the country’s well being.
He caused the sun to rise, the Nile to flood, and the crops to grow.

28. The Egyptians believed the Pharaoh ruled even after he died.
They believed he had an eternal spirit, or ka. In his afterlife the Pharaoh retained his needs and pleasures.

29. The Pharaoh's organs were put into Canopic jars during embalming / mummification.

30. (A) ANUBIS The priest in charge of the mummification wore the mask of Anubis (the god of the dead). (B) INCENSE A priest stands by, holding sweet-smelling incense. (C) WRAPPING THE BODY The body, or mummy, was wrapped in layers of linen before being placed in the coffin. (D) NATRON Natron, a kind of soda, was placed in the body to dry it out before it was wrapped in linen. (E) SOAKING THE BANDAGES Sometimes, linen strips were soaked in plaster so they would harden when drying

31. (A) HOME OF THE GOD A temple was the palace or home of the god
(A) HOME OF THE GOD A temple was the palace or home of the god. Beyond the large hall was the sanctuary, containing the shrine of the god. (B) THE SHRINE The gods statue stood in the sanctuary, which only the priests were allowed to enter. (C) PRIESTS The priests had to be pure and clean. They shaved their heads and bodies and washed four times a day. They wore robes of fine, white linen. (D) OFFERINGS The chief priest brought daily offerings of food, and carried out other holy duties, such as washing and clothing the god. (E) STATUE At religious festivals, priests carried the statue outside, where the people could pray to the god or ask him questions.

33. Book of the Dead Contained declarations intended to prove the ka was worthy of eternal life.

35. Tombs were made to be even more important than the palaces
Tombs were made to be even more important than the palaces. For the kings of the Old Kingdom, the resting place after death was an immense structure called a pyramid.

36. The builders of the pyramids had not even begun to use the wheel.
(A) RAISING STONE BLOCKS One of the hardest jobs was moving the heavy stone blocks into place. The builders made huge ramps of earth and dragged the stones up the ramps with ropes. (B) SUPERVISORS Officials, who were probably priests, directed the gangs of workmen. (C) SHAPING THE STONE Each stone was carefully measured and shaped to fit into place. (D) ACCIDENTS Many workmen were killed or injured, crushed by the heavy stone blocks.
The builders of the pyramids had not even begun to use the wheel.

39. For the Great Pyramid in Giza, the limestone used for the pyramid was quarried 400 miles up river.
Each stone weighed 2.5 tons.
2 million blocks were stacked to a precision height of 481 feet.

40. Lower and middle classes could move up in society through marriage or success in jobs.
For the best jobs (treasury, priesthood, kings court, military leadership) people had to read and write.

41. Women Women had many of the same rights as men.
They could buy and sell property, propose marriage, seek a divorce.
If a woman was granted a divorce she could receive 1/3 of the couple’s property.

42. Hieroglyphics Hieros = sacred Gluphe = carving
Pictures stood for ideas and sounds
Written on clay then papyrus

43. The Rosetta Stone is an ancient Egyptian granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek. Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts (with some minor differences between them), it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs.

44. Science and technology
Written numbers for adding and subtracting.
365 day calendar based on the rise of the star Sirius, which appeared above the Eastern horizon just before the floods came.
The calendar had 12 months of 30 days each.

45. Science and Technology
Egyptians also knew to check the heart rate by looking for the pulse.
Made splints for bones.
Performed surgery.
Hesyre, the oldest known physician

46. The power of the Pharaohs declined around 2180 B.C.
This ended the Old Kingdom
1st intermediate period
100 years later they regained control.
This began the Middle Kingdom ( B.C.)

47. During the Middle Kingdom years a canal was dug from the Nile to the Red Sea.
This allowed more irrigation to create more farms.

48. Around 1640 B.C., Asian Nomads, known as the Hyksos, swept across the Isthmus of the Suez on horse drawn carriages and took over Egypt for 70 years.
This was the 2nd Intermediate Period.