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Pyramids of the Nile
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The Geography of Egypt
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The Gift of the Nile Egyptians worshiped the Nile as a God Herodotus called it the “gift of the Nile”
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Environmental Challenges Nile was regular but… When Nile was lower people starved Nile higher, destruction It was a natural barrier but there was only a small area of land and little interaction
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Upper and Lower Egypt Cataracts made it impossible for travel To the south is Upper Egypt; to the north, Lower Egypt and Nile delta region
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Villages under two separate Kingdoms They were united by either King Scorpion or King Narmer Read excerpts Lower Egypt wore a red crown, upper Egypt had a tall white crown Narmer formed the first Egyptian dynasty with the capital of Memphis
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Differences between the kings in Mesopotamia and Egypt: Egyptians were considered pharaohs They were the center of religion, government and army Government called a theocracy
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Builders of the Pyramids Kings ruled after death Eternal life force, ka Tombs more important than palaces Pyramids were the resting place
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Life was more optimistic than Mesopotamia What are the two reasons?
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Polytheistic Re Osiris Isis Believed in afterlife Anubis Royal and elite bodies mummified Cats page 43
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Materials used in mummification: 1. linen 6. natron 2. sawdust 7. onion 3. lichen 8. Nile mud 4. beeswax 9. linen pads 5. resin 10. frankincense
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Canopic Jars Brain hooks Oil jar Funnel Embalmer's knife
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Could gain higher class status through marriage or jobs Reading and writing required for highest positions Women many of the same rights as men
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Egyptian Writing Pictographs led to hieroglyphics First written on stone/clay until papyrus was invented
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Rosetta Stone
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Calendar Helped keep track of floods Short of the true solar year by 6 hours Written numbers Taxes, property boundaries, construction measurements Medicine Pulse, splints, surgery
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2180 b.c. power of pharaohs declined End of Old Kingdom Middle kingdom 2040-1640 Restored law, improved trade, transportation, built dikes, new acres created Hyksos ruled 1630-1523 New Kingdom 1570-1075
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2500 B.C. Less known about India’s history because language is not yet translated
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Subcontinent: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
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Hindu Kush, Karakorum and Himalayas separate them from the rest of the Asian continent
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Rivers Indus River Himalayas to the Arabian Sea Ganges Himalayas East across northern India. Joins the Brahmaputra River to the Bay of Bengal Desert Thar: much of lower Indus valley Plains Indo-Gangetic Plain Deccan Plateau
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Monsoons: Seasonal Winds Environmental Challenges October – February: winter monsoons NE to W June through October: W to SW winds Unpredictable flooding Rivers changed course Monsoons
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Came by boat from Africa settled in South From the North through the Khyber Pass in the Hindu Kush mountains
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Levees built around cities Raised cities Largest cities: Kalibangan, Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa Indus Valley civilization sometimes called Harappan civilization Cities on grid system – Held a citadel – Plumbing as sewage system
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Had mud-brick platform, 3 ½ mile long levee, and a citadel Streets up to 30 feet wide House size varied
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Most homes had a bathroom This was not achieved until the 19 th and 20 th century by other civilizations
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Not yet deciphered
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What Did These Items Show? Housing There were not large social classes Toys Prosperous society to make nonessential goods Few weapons Conflict limited
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Animal images show they were important to their culture what animals existed in the area
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Theocracy? Linked to Hindu culture
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Thriving Indus River allowed transportation of goods and link to the sea
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Indus Valley Culture Ends Cities fell into decay Tectonic plates shifted Aryans invaded
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